An empirical investigation into the middle-and higher-income bias in social spending and welfare state redistribution across 20 countries, 1985-2013 KU Leuven
Welfare states that are effective in reducing poverty have high levels of social spending. Yet, changes in social spending cannot explain changes in poverty outcomes. Inequalities increased almost everywhere and so did levels of social spending, but in many countries social spending became less effective in keeping poverty at bay. So, then, why did social spending became less pro-poor in some countries but not in others? The central ...