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Changes in the Structure of Coal and Steel Industries under the ECSC (1952-1967): Was West Germany Kept 'Small'? KU Leuven
In 1951, six Western European countries founded the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which they hoped would be a first step towards more European integration and which they hoped would provide a common legal framework for their coal and steel industries. The main aim of the ECSC was to make sure that the West German coal and steel industries would never again reach their pre-war capacities, which according to many had played a part in ...
The European Union's Community Method: Foundations and Evolution Vrije Universiteit Brussel
The chapter explores the origins and development of the Community Method from the European Coal and Steel Community to the present. The chapter contains the following sections: 1. Characteristics of today's Community Method 2. Historical foundations of the Community Method 3. The evolution of the Community Method 3.1. The Council of Ministers and the extension of qualified majority voting 3.2. The European Parliament's development into a second ...
The 'mixed economy' and the concentration of the coal companies in the ECSC between 1952 and 1967 KU Leuven
The central paradigm of John Maynard Keynes’ economic theory is that only state intervention can reinstate economic demand and reduce the unemployment rate to a socially acceptable level. After World War II, depending on the extent of government participation, Keynes’s theory led to three variants of the so-called mixed economy: neo-collective, neo-liberal, and central consultation. In each of the postwar (Western) European countries, one of ...
The European Union and seabed mining Universiteit Gent
The destruction suffered across Europe due to centuries of conquests and wars, particularly those that were inflicted during the Second World War, eventually gave birth to a strong desire to foster peace and mutual benefit across the borders of the European powers. The integration process that culminated in the formation of the European Union (EU) and its present form can be traced back to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community ...
Federal-type arrangements in the European Union: a quest for a new paradigm KU Leuven
The first quinquennium of the 21st century started in a promising way for the EU’s institutional development, but is ending in uncertainty regarding its future. After the Nice- (2000) and Laeken (2001) declarations and the innovative and successful Convention (2002-2003), finally an agreement on a Constitutional Treaty was reached in the Intergovernmental Conference. In October 2004 this Treaty was solemnly signed by all member states and the ...
Foreword KU Leuven
© Cambridge University Press 2014. Transatlantic cooperation and the European integration project share a common origin and, possibly, a common destiny. That is because European integration cannot be correctly understood without exploring its transatlantic dimension. Indeed, the United States has always been a supporter of a strong union among European states. In the at fermath of the Second World War, the US government was convinced that ...
The Building of Cross-Border Institutions in Europe Vrije Universiteit Brussel
The development of European integration from the European Steel and Coal Community to the European Union has led to the setting up of a number of original post-national institutions which have contributed significantly to shaping the innovation process in the different European member countries. These institutions can be called ‘post-national’ for two reasons: first, they have created stable links between the main actors and existing ...
Childhood obesity prevention: in need of urban governance? Universiteit Gent
Introduction: Screening of policy documents leads us to suppose that local governments constitute the tailpiece of any public intervention in the field of childhood obesity prevention. Up till now, little research has been undertaken to identify the leadership of local politicians in childhood obesity prevention. Objective: To test the leadership of local politicians in the implementation of community based interventions on childhood obesity ...