Comprehensive many-to-many phoneme-to-viseme mapping and its application for concatenative visual speech synthesis Vrije Universiteit Brussel
The use of visemes as atomic speech units in visual speech analysis and synthesis systems is well-established. Viseme labels are determined using a many-to-one phoneme-to-viseme mapping. However, due to visual coarticulation effects, an accurate mapping from phonemes to visemes should define a many-to-many mapping scheme instead. In this research it was found that neither the use of standardized nor speaker-dependent many-to-one viseme labels ...