Titel Deelnemers "Korte inhoud" "New surveillance, new penology and new resistance: towards the criminalisation of resistance?" "Antonella Galetta" "After having illustrated the main differences between old and new surveillance, this contribution focuses on resistance to surveillance highlighting how it operates in today's surveillance societies. In particular, it analyses how resistance is developing into new forms and patterns which might turn resistance into criminalisation. This circumstance is examined taking into account the ""Facebook case""." "National laboratory-based surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance: a successful tool to support the control of antimicrobial resistance in the Netherlands" "Wieke Altorf-van der Kuil, Annelot F Schoffelen, Sabine C de Greeff, Steven Ft Thijsen, H Jeroen Alblas, Daan W Notermans, Anne Lm Vlek, Marianne van der Sande, Tjalling Leenstra" "An important cornerstone in the control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a well-designed quantitative system for the surveillance of spread and temporal trends in AMR. Since 2008, the Dutch national AMR surveillance system, based on routine data from medical microbiological laboratories (MMLs), has developed into a successful tool to support the control of AMR in the Netherlands. It provides background information for policy making in public health and healthcare services, supports development of empirical antibiotic therapy guidelines and facilitates in-depth research. In addition, participation of the MMLs in the national AMR surveillance network has contributed to sharing of knowledge and quality improvement. A future improvement will be the implementation of a new semantic standard together with standardised data transfer, which will reduce errors in data handling and enable a more real-time surveillance. Furthermore, the scientific impact and the possibility of detecting outbreaks may be amplified by merging the AMR surveillance database with databases from selected pathogen-based surveillance programmes containing patient data and genotypic typing data." "Gonococcal resistance can be viewed productively as part of a syndemic of antimicrobial resistance: an ecological analysis of 30 European countries" "Christopher Kenyon, Sheeba Santhini Manoharan-Basil, Christophe Van Dijck" "BACKGROUND: It is unclear how important bystander selection is in the genesis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.METHODS: We assessed bystander selection in a novel way. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to assess if country-level prevalence of gonococcal AMR in 30 European countries predicts homologous AMR in other bacteria. The data used was from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network.RESULTS: The prevalence of gonococcal ciprofloxacin resistance was found to be positively associated with AMR prevalence in E. coli (coef. 0.52; P = 0.007), Acinetobacter spp. (coef. 0.13; P = 0.044) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (coef. 0.36; P = 0.020) but not Klebsiella pneumoniae. Azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae was positively associated with macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae (coef. 0.01; P = 0.018). No association was found for cephalosporins.CONCLUSIONS: Gonococcal AMR is linked to that in other bacteria. This finding is likely explained by high antimicrobial consumption in affected populations and provides additional motivation for strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programs." "Rapid Growth Reduces Cold Resistance: Evidence from Latitudinal Variation in Growth Rate, Cold Resistance and Stress Proteins" "Robby Stoks, Marjan De Block" "Background: Physiological costs of rapid growth may contribute to the observation that organisms typically grow at submaximal rates. Although, it has been hypothesized that faster growing individuals would do worse in dealing with suboptimal temperatures, this type of cost has never been explored empirically. Furthermore, the mechanistic basis of the physiological costs of rapid growth is largely unexplored." "Assistance in the update of the systematic literature review (SLR): 'Influence of copper on antibiotic resistance of gut microbiota on pigs (including piglets)'" "Noémie Van Noten, Lara Gorissen, Stefaan De Smet" "A total of 901 references were examined to assess the influence of copper supplemented diets on copper and antibiotic resistance of gut microbiota in pigs (including piglets). Merely 33 references were found eligible to answer this review question. From these 33 references, eleven references were assigned as experimental field studies, ten references were experimental environmentally controlled studies, and twelve references were assigned as cross-sectional studies. The references assigned as experimental field studies provided the most suitable information for the review question. The other studies gave useful information concerning the mechanism of resistance or prevalence of resistant isolates. The overall methodological quality of the field studies was rather poor. Only three of the eleven field studies had a methodological quality that was considered acceptable for the present review question. Therefore, the restricted number of studies available from the SLR, and the limitations in terms of results and methodological quality do not allow excluding the possibility of a positive correlation between copper supplementation above requirements and development of antibiotic resistance." "Évaluation de la résistance de dix porte-greffes dU+2019agrumes résistants à la tristeza vis-à-vis du déficit hydrique" "Lhou Beniken, Mohamed Beqqali, Rachid Dahan, Rachid Benkirane, Abdelkadir Benazouz, Hamid Benyahia, Fatima Gaboun" "Introduction. In Morocco, citriculture faces up an increasing combination of biotic (Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) / Phytophthora spp.) and abiotic stresses (salinity, alkalinity and drought). Most of these constraints should be individually managed by adapted rootstock choice. However, the spread of CTV in the Mediterranean Basin will soon prohibit the use of the traditional sour orange rootstock, which currently provides sufficient tolerance to salinity and alkalinity. Therefore, the selection of new citrus rootstocks becomes urgent. Our study sought to investigate the effect of different water regimes on growth of ten citrus rootstocks: citrange Carrizo (France), citrange Carrizo (Morocco), citrange Troyer, citrange Yuma, Citrus volkameriana; two Poncirus trifoliata of different origins, citrumelo, Mand. Sunki x Poncirus trifoliata, and Poorman. Materials and methods. For each rootstock, three months old seedlings were grown in plastic pots (0.5 L) in a greenhouse at El Menzeh, INRA, Morocco; they were subjected to three water regimes [(100%, 75% and 50%) moisture field capacity (Hcc) of the substrate]. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design with three treatments. The morphological parameters measured were the plant height and dry and fresh matter accumulation. Physiological parameters studied were the Relative Water Content, transpiration rates and chlorophyll, soluble sugars and proline contents. Results. The morphological and physiological parameters were affected by the intensity of water stress applied. However, rootstocks behaved differently regarding to this constraint. Water stress induced an increase in the proline and soluble sugars content in the rootstock leaves. Conclusion. Water stress significantly affects the physiological and morphological characteristics of citrus rootstocks and, in conditions of extreme water deficit (50% Hcc), a differential behavior of the rootstock was found. Based on our results, the rootstocks Carrizo citrange (Morocco) and Poorman present the best overall ability to withstand water stress." "Assistance or resistance? How co-workers experience and address teacher underperformance" "Loth Van Den Ouweland" "abstract not available" "The ble resistance gene as a new selectable marker for Trypanosoma brucei: fly transmission of stable procyclic transformants to produce antibiotic resistant bloodstream forms" "D Jefferies, P Tebabi, Dominique LE RAY, E. Pays" "We describe here the stable transformation of Trypanosoma brucei using a new selectable marker for kinetoplastid protozoa, the Sh ble, or phleomycin, resistance gene. A plasmid containing this gene targeted to the tubulin gene locus by homologous sequences was introduced into procyclic trypanosomes by electroporation and cells selected for antibiotic resistance. Southern analysis of stable transformants showed that the plasmid had been integrated into the tubulin locus by homologous recombination. Analysis of bloodstream stage transformants, produced by transmission through the vector Glossina, showed that the resistance gene was conserved and expressed in these forms in the absence of selective drug pressure. In both procyclic and bloodstream forms, transcription of the ble gene appears to originate from the upstream tubulin promoter, despite the presence of a VSG promoter in the integrated construct. The generation of stable bloodstream transformants for the first time will facilitate the study of gene function and expression during the trypanosome life cycle, and aid in the investigation of genetic exchange in these organisms" "Assessing the Emergence of Resistance in vitro and Invivo: Linezolid Combined with Fosfomycin Against Fosfomycin-Sensitive and Resistant Enterococcus" "Jiabin Li" "PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of linezolid and fosfomycin on fosfomycin-sensitive and -resistant Enterococcus clinical isolates in vitro and in vivo and whether the emergence of fosfomycin resistance in Enterococcus is associated with changes in strain virulence, from the perspective of fitness cost. METHODS: The synergistic effect of linezolid and fosfomycin was studied via in vitro checkerboard and static time-kill assays, as well as based on the in vivo survival rate and hemolymph load of a Galleria mellonella infection model. Fosfomycin resistance was induced via a stepwise increase in concentration. Changes in the virulence of the strains after drug resistance were investigated using the G. mellonella infection model and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In vitro and in vivo growth curves and competitive experiments were used to study the fitness cost of the strain. Finally, a static time-kill assay was performed to explore the effect of the combined medication. RESULTS: In vitro and in vivo data showed that linezolid combined with fosfomycin had a good synergistic effect on Enterococcus treatment. The G. mellonella infection model and RT-qPCR data showed that the virulence of the resistant strains was weakened to varying degrees. A survival curve and competition experimental data showed that this was related to the fitness cost of strains while acquiring resistance and negatively impacted linezolid treatment; however, the combination still showed a good synergistic effect in drug-resistant strains. CONCLUSION: Linezolid combined with fosfomycin had a synergistic effect on both fosfomycin-sensitive and -resistant Enterococcus strains. Strains incur fitness costs as they develop drug resistance, which leads to a decrease in virulence. There is an interaction between fitness cost, virulence, and drug resistance, which indirectly affects drug treatment." "Genomic and phenotypic characterization of experimentally selected resistant **Leishmania donovani** reveals a role for dynamin-1-like protein in the mechanism of resistance to a novel antileishmanial compound" "Aya Hefnawy, Gabriel Negreira, Marlene Jara, James A. Cotton, Ilse Maes, Erika D’Haenens, Hideo Imamura, Bart Cuypers, Pieter Monsieurs, Christina Mouchtoglou, Hans De Winter, Isabel Pintelon, Jean-Pierre Timmermans, Matt Berriman, Mandy Sanders, Julio Martin, Geraldine de Muylder, Jean-Claude Dujardin, Yann Sterckx, Malgorzata Anna Domagalska" "The implementation of prospective drug resistance (DR) studies in the research-and-development (R&D) pipeline is a common practice for many infectious diseases but not for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Here, we explored and demonstrated the importance of this approach using as paradigms Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and TCMDC-143345, a promising compound of the GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) ""Leishbox"" to treat VL. We experimentally selected resistance to TCMDC-143345 in vitro and characterized resistant parasites at the genomic and phenotypic levels. We found that it took more time to develop resistance to TCMDC-143345 than to other drugs in clinical use and that there was no cross-resistance to these drugs, suggesting a new and unique mechanism. By whole-genome sequencing, we found two mutations in the gene encoding the L. donovani dynamin-1-like protein (LdoDLP1) that were fixed at the highest drug pressure. Through phylogenetic analysis, we identified LdoDLP1 as a family member of the dynamin-related proteins, a group of proteins that impacts the shapes of biological membranes by mediating fusion and fission events, with a putative role in mitochondrial fission. We found that L. donovani lines genetically engineered to harbor the two identified LdoDLP1 mutations were resistant to TCMDC-143345 and displayed altered mitochondrial properties. By homology modeling, we showed how the two LdoDLP1 mutations may influence protein structure and function. Taken together, our data reveal a clear involvement of LdoDLP1 in the adaptation/reduced susceptibility of L. donovani to TCMDC143345. IMPORTANCE Humans and their pathogens are continuously locked in a molecular arms race during which the eventual emergence of pathogen drug resistance (DR) seems inevitable. For neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), DR is generally studied retrospectively once it has already been established in clinical settings. We previously recommended to keep one step ahead in the host-pathogen arms race and implement prospective DR studies in the R&D pipeline, a common practice for many infectious diseases but not for NTDs. Here, using Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), and TCMDC-143345, a promising compound of the GSK Leishbox to treat VL, as paradigms, we experimentally selected resistance to the compound and proceeded to genomic and phenotypic characterization of DR parasites. The results gathered in the present study suggest a new DR mechanism involving the L. donovani dynamin-1-like protein (LdoDLP1) and demonstrate the practical relevance of prospective DR studies."