Titel Deelnemers "Biting rhythm and resting behaviour of main and secondary malaria vectors in Southeast Asia and their relevance to vector control [in Vietnamese]" "HD Trung, Wim Van Bortel, T. Sochantha, K Keokenchanh, LD Cong, M. Coosemans" "Malaria transmission and vector behaviour in a forested malaria focus in central Vietnam and the implications for vector control" "Wim Van Bortel, HD Trung, LX Hoi, NV Ham, NV Chut, ND Luu, Patricia Roelants, Leen Denis, Niko Speybroeck, D'Alessandro, M. Coosemans" "BACKGROUND: In Vietnam, malaria is becoming progressively restricted to specific foci where human and vector characteristics alter the known malaria epidemiology, urging for alternative or adapted control strategies. Long-lasting insecticidal hammocks (LLIH) were designed and introduced in Ninh Thuan province, south-central Vietnam, to control malaria in the specific context of forest malaria. An entomological study in this specific forested environment was conducted to assess the behavioural patterns of forest and village vectors and to assess the spatio-temporal risk factors of malaria transmission in the province. METHODS: Five entomological surveys were conducted in three villages in Ma Noi commune and in five villages in Phuoc Binh commune in Ninh Thuan Province, south-central Vietnam. Collections were made inside the village, at the plot near the slash-and-burn fields in the forest and on the way to the forest. All collected mosquito species were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Plasmodium in the head-thoracic portion of individual mosquitoes after morphological identification. Collection data were analysed by use of correspondence and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The mosquito density in the study area was low with on average 3.7 anopheline bites per man-night and 17.4 culicine bites per man-night. Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes were only found in the forest and on the way to the forest. Malaria transmission in the forested malaria foci was spread over the entire night, from dusk to dawn, but was most intense in the early evening as nine of the 13 Plasmodium positive bites occurred before 21H. The annual entomological inoculation rate of Plasmodium falciparum was 2.2 infective bites per person-year to which Anopheles dirus s.s. and Anopheles minimus s.s. contributed. The Plasmodium vivax annual entomological inoculation rate was 2.5 infective bites per person-year with Anopheles sawadwongporni, Anopheles dirus s.s. and Anopheles pampanai as vectors. CONCLUSION: The vector behaviour and spatio-temporal patterns of malaria transmission in Southeast Asia impose new challenges when changing objectives from control to elimination of malaria and make it necessary to focus not only on the known main vector species. Moreover, effective tools to prevent malaria transmission in the early evening and in the early morning, when the treated bed net cannot be used, need to be developed." "Malaria transmission and vector behaviour in a forested malaria focus in central Vietnam and the implications for vector control" "Wim van Bortel, Dinh Trung Ho, Xuan Hoi Le, Van Ham Nguyen, Van Chut Nguyen, Dinh Luu Nguyen, Patricia Roelants, Leen Denis, Niko Speybroeck, Umberto d' Alessandro, Marc Coosemans" "Background In Vietnam, malaria is becoming progressively restricted to specific foci where human and vector characteristics alter the known malaria epidemiology, urging for alternative or adapted control strategies. Long-lasting insecticidal hammocks (LLIH) were designed and introduced in Ninh Thuan province, south-central Vietnam, to control malaria in the specific context of forest malaria. An entomological study in this specific forested environment was conducted to assess the behavioural patterns of forest and village vectors and to assess the spatio-temporal risk factors of malaria transmission in the province. Methods Five entomological surveys were conducted in three villages in Ma Noi commune and in five villages in Phuoc Binh commune in Ninh Thuan Province, south-central Vietnam. Collections were made inside the village, at the plot near the slash-and-burn fields in the forest and on the way to the forest. All collected mosquito species were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Plasmodium in the head-thoracic portion of individual mosquitoes after morphological identification. Collection data were analysed by use of correspondence and multivariate analyses. Results The mosquito density in the study area was low with on average 3.7 anopheline bites per man-night and 17.4 culicine bites per man-night. Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes were only found in the forest and on the way to the forest. Malaria transmission in the forested malaria foci was spread over the entire night, from dusk to dawn, but was most intense in the early evening as nine of the 13 Plasmodium positive bites occurred before 21H. The annual entomological inoculation rate of Plasmodium falciparum was 2.2 infective bites per person-year to which Anopheles dirus s.s. and Anopheles minimus s.s. contributed. The Plasmodium vivax annual entomological inoculation rate was 2.5 infective bites per person-year with Anopheles sawadwongporni, Anopheles dirus s.s. and Anopheles pampanai as vectors. Conclusion The vector behaviour and spatio-temporal patterns of malaria transmission in Southeast Asia impose new challenges when changing objectives from control to elimination of malaria and make it necessary to focus not only on the known main vector species. Moreover, effective tools to prevent malaria transmission in the early evening and in the early morning, when the treated bed net cannot be used, need to be developed." "New advances in vector control against human African trypanosomiasis: the experience of 'tiny targets' to conrol Glossina fuscipes" "Inaki Tirados, Richard Selby, Andrew Hope, J. -B Rayaisse, Catiane Vander Kelen, Kovacic, P Mansinsa, H. M. Mahamat, A. Mugenyi, P Solano" "Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials" "Anne L Wilson, Marleen Boelaert, Immo Kleinschmidt, Margaret Pinder, Thomas W Scott, Lucy S Tusting, Steve W. Lindsay" "Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis cause a high level of morbidity and mortality. Although vector control tools can play a major role in controlling and eliminating these diseases, in many cases the evidence base for assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions is limited or not available. Studies assessing the efficacy of vector control interventions are often poorly conducted, which limits the return on investment of research funding. Here we outline the principal design features of Phase III vector control field studies, highlight major failings and strengths of published studies, and provide guidance on improving the design and conduct of vector control studies. We hope that this critical assessment will increase the impetus for more carefully considered and rigorous design of vector control studies." "Understanding vector and human ecology for improving malaria vector control" "Wim Van Bortel, LD Cong, HD Trung, D Socheat, T. Sochantha, S Phompida, K Keokenchan, D'Alessandro, Annette Erhart, M. Coosemans" "Review of the Minimus complex of Anopheles, main malaria vector in Southeast Asia: from taxonomic issues to vector control strategies" "C Garros, Wim Van Bortel, HD Trung, M. Coosemans, S Manguin" "Testing the effectiveness of community-based dengue vector control interventions using semiparametric mixed models" "L Sánchez, J. Maringwa, Z Shkedy, M. Castro, N. Carbonell, Patrick Van der Stuyft" "Objective: To evaluate the results obtained though intersectoral coordination and community empowerment in one study carried out during 6 years in Playa Municipality, Cuba. Methods: A longitudinal assessment comparing one intervention and one control area was conducted. The intervention encompasses two main stages separated by two dengue outbreaks. The first stage, focused on strengthening intersectoral coordination, was initiated in January 2000. In August 2003, a complementary strategy, focused on community empowerment and was initiated in half of the intervention area. In the control area, routine dengue control activities continued without additional input. We used entomologic surveillance data from January 1999 to December 2005 to assess the effectiveness. We computed the Breteau index (BI) per health area and the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the BIs at each time point. A semiparametric mixed model to capture the evolution in time of Aedes aegypti larval densities was fitted. Results: The BI in the control area showed the lowest value before starting the intervention. This was reversed 1 year after launching intersectoral activities for dengue control in the intervention area. In spite of spraying actions in all areas, the differences in BI between intervention and control areas remain significant until December 2002. Although for the next 2 years no differences were observed, they become significant again in December 2004, which corresponds with the implementation of the complementary community-based vector control strategy in the intervention area. Conclusions: The model fitted identified monotonous trends over time and reversal trends at particular moments. The confidence bands indicate sections with significant differences between areas. Our data increase the evidence that the intersectoral coordination and community empowerment strategy for A. aegypti control is effective." "A flux vector based model predictive torque control for PMSM with extended control set and an improved reference voltage trajectory" "Chenwei Ma, Frederik De Belie" "A community empowerment strategy embedded in a routine dengue vector control programme: a cluster randomised controlled trial" "M. Castro, L Sánchez, D. Pérez, N. Carbonell, Pierre Lefèvre, Veerle Vanlerberghe, Patrick Van der Stuyft" "The non-sustainability of vertically organised dengue vector control programmes led to pleas for changing the emphasis towards community-based strategies. We conducted a cluster randomised controlled trial with 16 intervention and 16 control clusters to test the effectiveness of a community empowerment strategy intertwined with the routine dengue vector control programme in La Lisa, Havana City, Cuba. The intervention included four components on top of routine control: organisation and management; entomological risk surveillance; capacity building; and community work for vector control. In the control clusters, routine activities continued without interference. The community participation score increased from 1.4 to 3.4. Good knowledge of breeding sites increased by 52.8% and 27.5% in the intervention and control clusters, respectively. There were no changes in adequate Aedes aegypti control practices at household level in the control clusters, but in the intervention clusters adequacy increased by 36.2%. At baseline, the Breteau indices (BI) were approximately 0.1 and were comparable; they fluctuated over time but became different with the launch of the community-based dengue control activities in the intervention clusters. Over the intervention period, the BI remained 53% (95% CI 22-92%) lower in these clusters than in the control clusters. The empowerment strategy increased community involvement and added effectiveness to routine A. aegypti control."