Titel Deelnemers "Korte inhoud" "Reliability and Validity of the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients With Shoulder Pain (ADAP Shoulder Scale)." "Ann Meulders" "OBJECTIVE: The Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients With Shoulder Pain (ADAP Shoulder Scale) was developed to assess pain-related avoidance behavior during daily activities in people with shoulder pain. However, its measurement properties must be verified according to international guidelines. As such, this study investigated the following 4 measurement properties of the ADAP Shoulder Scale: reliability, measurement errors, convergent validity, and floor and ceiling effects. METHODS: The sample comprised 100 individuals with chronic shoulder pain (43 men and 57 women; mean duration of symptoms of 29.7 [SD = 89.0] months; mean age of 44.9 [SD = 15.9] years). The mean test-retest reliability range was 5 days via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Measurement errors included the standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change. Convergent validity was analyzed by applying the Pearson correlation with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. RESULTS: The ADAP Shoulder Scale showed excellent test-retest reliability, both in all domains and in the total score [ICC(2,1) = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.92-0.96]. The standard errors of measurement for the free-movement, high-effort, and self-care domains were 8.1%, 6.0%, and 7.6%, respectively. The minimal detectable change for the total score of the ADAP Shoulder Scale was 16.0%. The total score of the ADAP Shoulder Scale was low to moderately correlated with the total scores of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (r = 0.52), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (r = 0.30), and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (r = 0.72). No floor or ceiling effects were detected in the total score. CONCLUSION: The ADAP Shoulder Scale is a reliable, valid instrument for assessing avoidance behavior in adults who have chronic shoulder pain and are not athletes. IMPACT: This study provides evidence that the ADAP Shoulder Scale is appropriate for clinical and practical use in people with chronic shoulder pain." "Development of the Avoidance Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients with Shoulder Pain (ADAP Shoulder Scale)" "Ann Meulders, Johan Vlaeyen" "OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale (ADAP Shoulder Scale) to measure shoulder pain-related avoidance behavior in patients with shoulder pain and evaluate and report the structural validity and internal consistency of the scale. METHODS: Potential daily activities involving the shoulder were selected from the activities and participation domain of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The selected activities were presented to an expert panel, health care professionals, and patients with shoulder pain with the question ""How much do you think it is important to ask patients with shoulder pain about this activity?"" Activities attaining a content validity index (CVI) ≥ 0.8 were represented using a digitally colored photograph. Activity photographs were evaluated by health care professionals and patients with shoulder pain. Photographs with a CVI ≥ 0.8 were included in the scale. To evaluate structural validity and internal consistency of the scale, exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the presence of any scale domain. Cronbach alpha was calculated to indicate the internal consistency of each domain. RESULTS: Of the 107 preselected activities, 21 attained a CVI ≥ 0.8. Eighteen photographs (CVI ≥ 0.8) were included in the scale after being analyzed by 120 health care professionals and 50 patients with shoulder pain. Exploratory factor analysis (N = 156) showed that the ADAP Shoulder Scale consists of 3 domains: free movement, high effort, and self-care. The internal consistencies of the domains were 0.92, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ADAP Shoulder Scale included 15 photographs distributed in 3 domains. All domains had a high internal consistency. The scale is easily applicable, well understood, and relevant for shoulder pain. IMPACT: The ADAP Shoulder Scale can be used to rate shoulder pain-related avoidance behaviors." "A Reliability Generalization Study for a Multidimensional Loneliness Scale: The Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents" "Marlies Maes, Wim Van Den Noortgate, Luc Goossens" "Research on the average reliability and factors that affect the reliability of loneliness scales has been restricted to unidimensional measures. A reliability generalization (RG) study was conducted for a multidimensional loneness measure, that is, the Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents (LACA). Multilevel meta-analyses were performed on 79 studies that comprised 92 samples (for a total of 41,076 participants). Average reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) across samples was good (i.e., .80 or above) for all four subscales. Studies with higher sampling quality yielded slightly higher alphas for one of the subscales (i.e., Parent-related loneliness). For adolescents, as compared to children, alphas were somewhat lower for three of the four subscales and higher for the Affinity for aloneness subscale. Suggestions for future research are outlined. From a reliability perspective, the LACA is a good option for researchers who want to use a multidimensional loneliness measure with children and adolescents." "Brief report comparing the Scale of Emotional Development – Short (SED‐S) with other scales for emotional development" "Tanja Sappok, Filip Morisse, Miriam Flachsmeyer, Stijn Vandevelde, M. Ilic, Brian Barrett" "Background: Different instruments were devised for assessing emotional development (ED) level in persons with an intellectual disability (ID), that is, the Scale of Emotional Development - Short (SED-S), the Scheme for Appraisal of Emotional Development (SAED), the Scale for Emotional Development - Second Revision (SED-R2) and the Schaal voor Emotionele Ontwikkeling - Lukas (SEO-Lukas). The aim of this study was to compare the level of emotional functioning as assessed with the SED-S with the SAED, SED-R2 and SEO-Lukas. Methods: Emotional development was measured in adults with ID with the SED-S (N = 186) and the SAED (n = 85), the SED-R2 (n = 50) and the SEO-Lukas (n = 51). Correlation analysis and Cohen's kappas were calculated between the SED-S and the three respective scales. Internal consistencies (Cronbach's alpha) of the four scales were determined. Results: The SED-S results correlated most with the SEO-Lukas (& gamma; = 1; k & omega; = 0.936) followed by the SAED (& gamma; = 0.809; k & omega; = 0.343) and least by the SED-R2 (& gamma; = 0.665; k & omega; = 0.182). The stage of ED assessed with the SED-S was lower than the ED results measured with the SAED, but higher than with the SED-R2 and most similar to the SEO-Lukas. Cronbach's alphas were high, ranging from 0.853 to 0.975. Conclusions: Given the respective differences between the scales, the SED-S may equalise the results as compared with previous versions." "Commentaries on 'Scale use and abuse : toward best practices in the deployment of scales'" "Constantine S. Katsikeas, Shilpa Madan, Miguel Brendl, Bobby J. Calder, Donald R. Lehmann, Hans Baumgartner, Bert Weijters, Mo Wang, Chengquan Huang, Joel Huber" "Diatom beta-diversity in streams increases with spatial scale and decreases with nutrient enrichment across regional to sub-continental scales" "Thibault Leboucher, William R. Budnick, I Passy, Sophia, Sebastien Boutry, Aurelien Jannoneau, Janne Soininen, Wim Vyverman, Juliette Tison-Rosebery" "Rating scale design: a comparative study of two analytic rating scales in a task-based test" "Bart Deygers, Koen Van Gorp, Sien Joos, Lucia Luyten" "Rating scale design: a comparative study of two analytic rating scales in a task-based test" "Bart Deygers, Koen Van Gorp, Lucia Luyten" "The Scale Effect: The Number of Units of Attribute Scales Affects Perceived Attribute Differences" "Mario Pandelaere, Barbara Briers" "Revealing and listening to scales from the past: tone scale analysis of archived Central-African music using computational means" "Olmo Cornelis, Joren Six"