Title Promoter Affiliations Abstract "Determination of critical factors in malt production related to the flavour stability of final beer" "Chris Powell, Luc De Cooman" "Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Bioengineering Technology, Ghent and Aalst Technology Campuses, Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT)" "Flavour instability can be regarded as one of the most important quality problems faced by the brewing industry, as beer flavour starts to deteriorate almost instantly upon packaging. The loss of pleasant flavour attributes and appearance of off-flavours will impact palatability and, therefore, reduce drinkability of beer, which in turn may result in economic losses for the brewer. Efforts to prolong beer freshness may only be fully effective when the complex chemistry behind the phenomena of beer ageing is much better understood. Within this context, one of the current areas of active research is an investigation on the gradual appearance of sensory perceivable off‑flavours during beer transport and storage, which, chemically, coincides with an increase in levels of a multitude of unwanted compounds. Among them particular volatiles, known as ‘beer staling aldehydes’. This specific group of aldehydes is characterised by highly flavour‑active compounds, perceived at low concentrations, such as Strecker degradation aldehydes (derived from amino acids), furfural (derived from pentose), and hexanal, as well as trans-2-nonenal (both derived from oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids). Two major mechanisms have been ascribed to the development of staling aldehydes during beer ageing in a package, namely de novo formation of aldehydes from a precursor compound (e.g. an amino acid) and release of aldehydes from a pre-formed bound-state adduct (e.g. cysteinylated aldehydes).It is well-established that the quality of brewing raw materials (in particular malted barley, water, hops, and yeast), as well as the brewing process, affect final beer quality and also beer flavour deterioration. Among raw materials, malt, being the major source of extract, appears to play a pivotal role in beer flavour instability as it has been reported that particular malt quality parameters (such as Kolbach Index, free amino nitrogen content, levels of Strecker aldehydes) are connected to beer staling. Previously, this relationship has also been referred to as the ‘beer staling potential of malt’. Interestingly, the same volatile compounds that are directly involved in beer staling, i.e. the above mentioned staling aldehydes, also develop during production of malt. However, unambiguous cause-effect relationships between particular malt constituents and particular compounds in beer (responsible for in-package ageing) have not been proven yet, demonstrating the huge complexity of beer flavour instability and, consequently, the requirement for more research regarding malt and the malting process in relation to this phenomenon.Since during malting both free and bound-state aldehydes already develop, the central objective of this technology-driven PhD is to monitor the malting process in relation to this development and, in particular, to pinpoint critical moments during malting regarding generation of these unwanted compounds. In this regard, in-depth chemical-analytical evaluation of an industrial‑scale malting process and industrial-scale pale lager malts in relation to the formation of (bound-state) aldehydes was performed. Next, targeted micro-malting aiming at malt of reduced beer staling potential and high brewing quality was assessed based on experimental design and numerical modelling.Aiming at a successful assessment of the malting process, the conditions of sample preparation for GC-MS determination of staling aldehydes were optimised for various types of malting samples (i.e. green malt, partially kilned malt, finished pale lager malt). Next, the resulting protocol for determination of volatile, free aldehydes was applied together with an already available method for quantification of non-volatile cysteinylated aldehydes. By applying this approach, we were able to achieve a truly integrated view on both volatile aldehydes and their non-volatile counterparts for malt samples of various origins throughout this whole doctoral study. Moreover, results obtained on (bound-state) aldehydes were assessed in relation to standard quality parameters of various pale lager malts in search for correlations among all of these variables and to improve our understanding of potential relationships that may be relevant to beer flavour instability.Results obtained on industrial-scale samples demonstrated that the content of (cysteinylated) aldehydes in finished malt is clearly higher compared to its starting material, barley. During germination, strong increases in levels of the fatty acid oxidation aldehydes, i.e. hexanal and trans-2-nonenal, were found. Levels in Strecker aldehydes and furfural were, however, hardly affected at this stage. Next, when approaching the stage of drying at elevated temperature (in particular when arriving at a critical moisture content of approx. 6% - 9%), levels of most (cysteinylated) aldehydes showed a first dramatic increase, except for hexanal. Furthermore, levels of all (cysteinylated) aldehydes continued to increase rapidly during kilning-off, except for hexanal. Clearly, throughout this PhD, it was found that hexanal behaves differently compared to all other aldehydes, including the other fatty acid oxidation marker aldehyde, trans-2-nonenal.Furthermore, a clear effect of process-associated physicochemical gradients (caused by pneumatic processing in relatively thick grain beds) on aldehyde formation in malting was demonstrated for the first time. Except for hexanal, the highest levels of free and bound-state aldehydes were found in samples derived from the bottom layer of the grain bed, which is most exposed to heat load during kilning. Accordingly, samples taken at the same time from the upper layer (exposed to significantly less heat load) showed the lowest levels of aldehydes.Next to analysis of the industrial-scale malting process as a function of duration (i.e. stages of malting) and position of the grain in the bed (i.e. bottom, middle, top layer), emphasis was put on several, potentially critical malting variables. These results showed that both the degree of grain modification and kilning-off temperature impact – either indirectly (degree of modification) or directly (kilning-off temperature) – the generation of (cysteinylated) aldehydes during malting. Consequently, the degree of steeping and kilning-off temperature were selected as key variables to conduct additional, targeted micro-malting experiments aimed to investigate the potential feasibility of producing malt of reduced beer staling potential, combined with satisfying brewing quality. Modelling of individual responses, representing the measured aldehydes and malt quality parameters, as a function of the key variables, demonstrated that the steeping degree especially impacts levels of hexanal, whereas kilning-off temperature mainly affects levels of Strecker aldehydes, furfural, and trans-2-nonenal. Finally, numerical modelling of the selected malting variables (steeping degree, kilning-off temperature), suggested the feasibility of producing pale lager malt of superior overall quality on condition that adequate, mutual adjustment of both grain modification and kilning-off temperature is implemented. " "Ecotoxicity of metal mixtures to aquatic communities: something from nothing?" "Chemical contamination is still a likely reason for EU waterbodies not to reach a U+201Cood ecological statusU+201D However, risk assessment of contaminated waterbodies is mainly focused on a substanceby- substance basis, while mixed contamination is the rule rather than the exception. This is definitively the case for toxic trace metals such as zinc, nickel and copper, which often occur close to their legally allowed environmental limits. Chronic ecotoxicity data, many of which generated and analyzed by the applicants in a recently concluded joint FWO project, have shown significant mixture effects in individual species. Even in cases where each individual metal was harmless, the metals caused significant harm when dosed in combination. This is called the U+201Comething from nothingU+201Dphenomenon. Indirect evidence and standard risk modeling suggest that this phenomenon could even be more pronounced in certain multi-species communities, for instance because synergies could emerge via the foodweb, but there is hardly any experimental data to evaluate this. The general objective of this project is therefore to quantify and increase our understanding of metal mixture effects on planktonic freshwater community structure and function. We will combine experimental approaches with ecological modelling to identify conditions leading to U+201Comething from nothingU+201Deffects on communities. Our research will ultimately find its application in improving metal mixture risk assessment." "New Co-operative Development in China: An Institutional Approach" "Patrick Develtere" "Leuven International and European Studies (LINES)" "In China, under the transition from a central-planning to a socialist market economy, new cooperatives, as member-based organizations pursuing economic and social objectives, are evolving at fast pace. They have played an important role in rural local development in times of crises thathave made most of the rural population of 700 million people the largest vulnerable group in Chinese society. The new co-operatives in China that are under review in this dissertation are known as shareholding co-operatives. Generally speaking, this shareholding co-operative system is regarded as a hybrid form of co-operation, combining orthodox co-operative principles with an alternative shareholding system. Shareholding co-operation based on land use and agricultural production are the two most common types. On the one hand, these new cooperatives resemble the recent organizational forms that have been defined as social enterprises emerging in the West, due to their features of multiple stakeholder ownership, their multi-purpose character and their community orientation. On the other hand, the shareholding co-operatives operate in a different way than the ones recognized by the International Co-operative Alliance (ICA), due to their investors profile in capital acquisition (i.e. potential dominance of members with large shares and allowing investment from outsiders) and governance systems (i.e. a flexible voting system rather than a prescriptive system of one member one vote). The departure point of most traditional theoretical reflections on the new co-operative development in China is its inconsistency with the internationally recognized ICA-type of co-operatives. But with regard to why and how these new co-operatives operate in a deviated way from the ideal, orthodox co-operative model, academic writings are unable to provide a consistent explanation. The absence of a sound explanation for the peculiar development of the Chinese co-operative model has made this research exploratory in nature. The general approach of this study is theory elaboration, formulated by grounded theory methodologists. This is operationalized through a multiple-case study design. Cases were identified by using a theoretical sampling during the fieldwork in three municipality-level locales in Zhejiang province between 2009 and 2011. Following a constructivist approach within the grounded theory methodology, this research uses an institutional approach as a theoretical focus. The objective of this current study is twofold. First, it aims at analyzing how new cooperatives in China emerged and evolved, and particularly, how the change in the organizational field may have engendered the emergence of formal, regulative institutions (i.e. the national co-operative law). Second, this study attempts to explore why and how new cooperatives behave the way they do, which tends to deviate from the ideal, conventional cooperative model. Through these explorations, the dissertation makes a heuristic attempt to understanding the Chinese state-society relationship from an alternative perspective. To these ends, the research first re-examined the discourse on civil society dynamics in China by analyzing it from the perspective of the new rural co-operative movement. It then looked at the new co-operative practice in rural China by providing its historical account and powerand- resources related analyses, by examining its capital formation and its decision-making mechanisms. Afterwards, the concept of social economy was proposed inthe Chinese context. Based on the results of the exploratory research, a theoretical framework was conceptualized at the end of the dissertation. This framework revealed the underlying dynamics of phenomena that played out over time. The theoretical framework integrated theories located at three distinct levels of analysis. At the level of the external environment, it analyzed how shifts in the broad environments engender or transform the opportunities and constraints to create formal institutions. At the institutional level, it provided an analysis of the opportunities and constraints bounded by emergent, formal institutions and how those opportunities and constraints influence the ways actors behave. At the level of actors, it focused on the action arena in which actors behavior took place depending on exogenous variables found in local situations (i.e. situations indicating both informal and formal institutions), together with actors recognition of identities and preferences. Overall, the key findings of this exploratory research suggested that an institutional change process has taken place, either as a result of institutionalization, or because of the process of rule interpretation and adaptation. This theoretical framework explains the new co-operative development in China as a context and process-specific phenomenon. It can help to understand how new co-operatives behaved the way they did, and how they emerged, evolved, and operated in reality. It can be used by future scholars in organizational behavior and co-operative studies, to interpret how the reality is constructed. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism uncovered by this theoretical conceptualization reflects a constitutive approach, to understand the interplay between actionsand institutions. Hence, it contributes to the literature bridging the intra-organizational and institutional levels of analysis. After elaborating the theoretical framework, I provided an overall reflection from conceptual, theoretical, methodological and policy perspectives. Conceptually, the examination of shareholding co-operatives as new hybrids clarified how they can transform from a traditional into an innovative form of social enterprises, and how they can fit into the Chinese context of rural society at the same time. Theoretically, this research,by developing multiple-lens explanations of the new co-operative practice, helped to enrich ones understanding of cooperative development froma context-and-history perspective. Methodologically, the present study contributed to ongoing discussions on general fieldwork methodology literature by sharing extensive empirical experience. Besides, it provided an example of risk minimizing strategies in the application of groundedtheory. Finally, the research contributed to the policy debate on the shareholding co-operative system and its potential as a possible solutionto the rural problems in China." "The H boson gateway to physics beyond the Standard Model" "Department of Physics and astronomy" "In 2012, a scalar particle has been discovered at the LHC (CERN). As of today, its properties match those of the Higgs boson of the Standard Model (SM), the current theory of fundamental interactions. This discovery has crowned 50 years of research, including seminal work done in Belgium by Brout and Englert. It has also opened a new era for particle physicists, with more-than-ever pressing mysteries to face, including the absence, despite predictions and indirect indications, of signs of new physics at the LHC. The overarching objective of this project, lead by a collaboration of theorists and experimentalists, is to use the Higgs as a probe of still largely unexplored territories beyond the SM. First, we aim at more precisely determining the Higgs boson couplings within the SM, including its self-coupling. We will either discover new interactions, or will constrain the range of possibilities. Concurrently, we will look for new scalar particles, possible siblings of the Higgs boson, a challenging and far-reaching task. Second, we will focus on a special feature of the Higgs boson, that of providing a gateway to a whole new world of hidden particles and interactions, an exploration which may shed light on the dark matter and neutrino mysteries. The proposal brings together the young generation of physicists that has contributed to the discovery of the Higgs and now leads a broad, ambitious and original research project on the high-energy physics frontier." "‘For the public, by the public’: Coping with dilemmas in the coproduction of public services" "Trui Steen" "Public Governance Institute" "Introduction and backgroundThis first part of the title of the thesis ‘By the public, for the public?’, refers first to the evolution to co-production of public services, where public services are delivered for the public, with and by the public. In co-production citizen co-producers (users and/or citizens as part of the community) actively and voluntarily collaborate with professionals in producing public services, either in the design, management, delivery and/or evaluation of public services. Furthermore, it refers to a gap in our understanding of the effects of co-production of public services. When citizens are co-producing public services what are the effects of co-production and who is affected by these effects (i.e., is it for the public?)? On the one hand, co-production of public services is expected to lead to positive effects: such as the better realization of public values (e.g., better inclusiveness, responsiveness, efficiency, quality of services, democratic quality of services, equity, etc.), and the co-creation of public value. On the other hand, recent studies show co-production of public services sometimes create undesired or unexpected effects, for example, a failing efficiency, inclusion, or accountability, and the co-destruction of public value (when co-production fails to deliver the expected outcomes to the public). Gaining an insight in to how these desired and undesired effects of co-production come about may help practitioners become aware of ways to better realize positive effects, and to deal with, and perhaps prevent, undesired effects.The second part of the title of the thesis ‘Coping with value conflicts in the co-production of public services’ refers to a second and a third gap in co-production literature. First, until recently the phenomenon of value conflicts was understudied in the field of co-production. Street-level-bureaucracy literature shows that public servants in regular service provision experience value conflicts on a daily basis, and these conflicts often do not have a straightforward answer. This thesis therefore set out to look if actors involved in the co-production also face value conflicts. Second, there is a gap in the knowledge relating to how individuals cope with various conflicts in co-production of public services. For this reason this thesis set out to study how co-producing actors deal with these value conflicts. Combining these different challenges, the thesis set out to connect the individual coping with value conflicts to the desired and undesired effects of co-production.This research project thus addresses the following research question: What is the role of individual coping with value conflicts for the desired and undesired effects of co-production?Research design and methodsThe research starts from an in-depth examination of the existing academic literature and develops a model for individual coping with value conflicts in multi-actor settings, such as for example co-production. This theoretical exploration provided input to explore and bring together the concepts of public values realisation, public value creation, public value conflicts and coping strategies. The research further adopts a mixed-method approach, first by conducting three qualitative case studies in three different service areas, namely, social elderly care, urban mobility planning and the temporary use of vacant spaces. These case studies help shed light on the expectations citizen co-producers and public servants hold of co-production, as well as the value conflicts they experience when trying to realize those expectations. Additionally, this research examines the coping strategies citizen co-producers and public servants follow when they experience value conflicts. Next, the research utilizes quantitative methods in order to study some of the individual characteristics that may have an influence on the coping strategies that individual co-producers adopt. The insights into experiences of conflicts and coping strategies acquired in the qualitative phase of the research design are used to design a vignette experiment and survey questionnaire to test what psychological traits influence coping behaviour.Coping with value conflicts in co-producing public servicesTwo qualitative studies presented in chapters in 3 and 4 shows that value conflicts are part of co-productive life. Moreover, there are several indications that the co-production of public services reinforces the experience of value conflicts. Co-production therefore must not be seen as a means to solve value conflicts. The research indicates that the experience of value conflicts also arises from the characteristics inherent within co-production itself, such as the multiple expectations individuals have for co-production, the variety of co-production initiatives, the variety of roles in co-production, possible time-pressures, and interactions.The research found that co-producers apply a variety of coping strategies, such as avoidance strategies (avoiding to deal with the conflict, for example, by dropping out), escalating strategies (elevating the experienced conflict to a higher authority), trade-off strategies (focussing on the realization or creation of one of the two aspects of the value conflict) and balancing strategies (focussing on realizing both conflicting values, albeit not to their fullest extent). These coping strategies offer individual co-producers a way to deal with an otherwise paralysing situation, however, none of these strategies result in a conflict situation being completely solved. The findings suggest that each individual’s coping strategy contributes to a desired or undesired result. Next, the findings suggests that the roles of co-producers, and the power they hold, also matter for coping strategies. The qualitative case studies find that just like public servants, citizen co-producers follow various coping strategies but choose an escalation strategy or an avoidance strategy more often than public servants.        The relation between psychological traits and coping strategies In attempting to explain why some individuals cope according to one strategy and others according to other strategies, indications were taken from the qualitative chapters. The fifth chapter shows how variables relating to capacity at the level of the individual (such as motivation, capabilities and opportunities), the organization and the network are connected to and stimulating co-production effects, and identifies those aspects that ensure sustainable effects. The qualitative studies presented in chapter three and four, probably due to their focus on the individual, mostly identified individual characteristics acting as individual drivers for coping behaviour. For example, the third chapter suggests that citizens avoid and escalate conflicts more than public servants because of two aspects: citizens believe their ideas and concerns may not be heard (perceived impact or external efficacy), and they may lack the capacity to deal with value conflicts (self-efficacy). The data presented in the third and the fourth chapter suggest that when trust of the individual in the other (the public servant, or the citizen co-producer) is absent, individuals might be more likely to cope with the conflict by avoiding co-production and less likely to follow an escalation strategy.For this reason, the quantitative empirical chapters (chapter 6 and 7) set out to explore this relationship by questioning if these psychological traits could explain the coping strategies followed by citizen co-producers. The studies do not find statistically significant effects of self-efficacy and trust, be it generalized trust or trust in government, on the respondents’ coping strategies. Chapter six finds that the situational psychological trait of external efficacy affects citizens’ coping behaviour. In case of a conflict between social inclusion and service quality, external efficacy is positively related to trading-off in favour of service quality, and negatively related to a citizen’s likelihood to avoid dealing with value conflicts. However, the results should not be generalized outside these studies because of the limited population (temporary users in Flanders). Still, the two quantitative studies allow to develop hypotheses for future research. For example, future research studying larger groups of citizen co-producers across a variety of sectors could check whether citizen co-producers with a higher perceived impact are less likely to cope according to an avoidance strategy, and more likely to actively cope with their experienced conflicts.Implications for research and practiceIn unravelling one of the underlying mechanisms of how desired and undesired effects of co-production come about, this thesis advances theoretical and empirical understandings of co-production. The study generates the following overall conclusions:co-production both enables and obstructs positive effects as it offers challenges for the realization of public values and the creation of public value. These challenges are characterized by value conflicts, making it hard for value to be created or values to be realized to their fullest potential; andindividual coping strategies to deal with these value conflicts contribute to co-production effects. The threat for negative effects of co-production increases when individual coping strategies largely emphasising one value are aggregated.With these findings the research contributes to a number of literature fields, such as that of co-production, public values realization, public value creation, and coping strategies. Most importantly the research contributes to three areas in co-production literature. First, this research advances the literature on co-production motivations by showing how a variety of co-producing actors hold different expectations for co-production effects, for both public values realization in the co-production process and for public value creation as an outcome, which translate into the motivations of actors to co-produce. The study also shows how these expectations may potentially incorporate ‘new’ conflicts into public service co-production.Second, the research has theoretical implications for the literature on the processes of co-production, which typically looks at design principles for making co-production effective. This research identifies capacities for co-production at different levels (individual, organisation and system level) facilitating the effectiveness of achieving aims, including, for example, lasting collaborations and the creation of long-term networks, institutionalized but flexible processes, supportive legal frameworks, structural allocation of personnel and budget, and empowerment of citizens in their ability, motivation and opportunities. Additionally, a specific contribution is that this research theorizes coping with value conflicts as a variable that impacts co-production’s effectiveness.Third, the research contributes to the literature on co-production effects. The studies show how individual coping strategies result, perhaps through aggregation, in effects. Additionally, the research presents a conceptual model (the Individual Coping with Value Conflicts model) that offers a framework for analyzing how individuals contribute to co-production effects. This model (chapter 2) offers a starting point for empirical analysis and testing.The findings also contribute to the public values literature in that it presents (1) a conceptual model for the realization of public values on an individual level; (2) empirical material for expectations for the public values realization of co-producing actors (not just public servants but also citizens), and (3) evidence for the persisting challenge of realizing public values, even in the co-production of public services.With regards to the public value creation literature, this research shows that also public value creation comes with conflicts for individuals and that these individuals rely on similar coping strategies to deal with conflicts between public value dimensions. More specifically it provides much needed empirical evidence on the balance between individual and social/public value creation in public service delivery.And finally, with regards to the coping strategies literature the research conceptualizes a framework for the origins and results of coping strategies not only for street level bureaucrats but for all individuals involved in co-producing public services. Additionally, the research finds that roles and responsibilities do matter for coping behaviour in similar conflict situations.For practitioners, the thesis invites actors to be open about their expectations and to invite everyone to share their expectations. Such openness enables co-producers to become aware of communalities in expectations but also of the conflicts that are likely to exist. The thesis further invites co-producing actors to discuss first, the risks of these conflicts and second, how these conflicts can possibly be coped with.Since the accountability for creating public value remains with project coordinators or public professionals, they can take on a guarding role by taking stock of which value is potentially at loss and consequently suggest the use of specific and/or plural coping strategies to prevent failure or destruction. They especially need to be realistic that high expectations for co-production to realize democratic values require safeguarding these values. This thesis therefore advises project coordinators and public professionals to allow and facilitate flexibility in co-production to experiment with coping with value conflicts, with transferring more ownership and responsibility to citizen co-producers, and with involving them in managing public value conflicts.Additionally, becoming aware of potential desired and undesired effects of co-production requires some learning for public professionals, project coordinators and citizens or users involved in co-production. A further step could be to design a toolbox including more hands-on collaboration methods for deliberating about value conflicts and how to deal with them, as well as tools for learning what the various effects are of coping with value conflicts. Practitioners could invoke this toolbox and a process of shared deliberation about coping with value conflicts in the co-production of public services.  " "Bioaccessibility and digestion of nutrients in Bambara groundnuts as affected by postharvest storage and processing" "Tara Grauwet" "Centre for Food and Microbial Technology" "Indigenous pulses are a locally adapted and sustainable solution that can improve food security in developing countries. In addition, malnutrition remains an unresolved challenge, which continues to be addressed. Pulses are commonly stored for long after harvest. Hence, they are a reliable food source in times of famine. However, upon postharvest storage of pulses, several biochemical reactions can occur as described by the hard-to-cook (HTC) theories. The development of the HTC phenomenon in pulses is inconvenient and increases the cost of preparation, reducing consumer acceptability. Besides, the HTC phenomenon has potential negative implications on the nutritional quality of pulses. Therefore, this PhD work aimed to evaluate the influence of postharvest storage and processing on induced structural changes and their consequences on the micro and macronutrient nutritional quality of Bambara groundnuts.The first part of the work provided proof of the development of the HTC phenomenon in Bambara groundnuts, which were stored under typical sub-Saharan environmental conditions (35 °C/78 % relative humidity). Longer storage (ageing) resulted in prolonged cooking times, a slower reduction of hardness during cooking and delayed cell separation. This was attributed to cell wall changes that could occur during ageing, for instance, the increased strengthening of the cell wall through crosslinks involving pectin and minerals or polyphenols with other cell wall polymers.In the second part of the work, the hypothetical consequences of the HTC theories on the retention and bioaccessibility of minerals, and starch digestibility were assessed. Soaking and extended cooking time caused high Mg, Fe and Zn losses through leaching. This result was associated with the loss of membrane integrity that could occur in pulses during ageing. On the contrary, Ca was mostly retained in the seed and only leached marginally during soaking and cooking. Based on the result of minerals leaching to different extents, the complexation of minerals by the matrix was assessed. For this, the percentage of soluble minerals present in the aqueous phase when the flour from raw fresh and aged seeds was dispersed in water was determined. Of the four minerals studied, the percentage of soluble Ca decreased remarkably with ageing. To investigate this further, fluorescence images of cross-sections from raw fresh and aged Bambara groundnuts, revealed the presence of more labelled Ca-pectin crosslinks for the aged samples. The increase in Ca complexation with ageing could be associated with certain aspects of the pectin-cation-phytate theory. The knowledge of the amount of minerals retained is insufficient to understand the fate of minerals. Therefore, mineral bioaccessibility was determined. Different trends were observed for each mineral. Ca bioaccessibility decreased with ageing but improved with cooking time. Mg bioaccessibility decreased with ageing and cooking time, whereas the bioaccessibility of Fe and Zn was not greatly influenced by the treatments applied.Cotyledon cell wall integrity is an important feature that determines starch digestibility. Differences pertaining to the cell wall structure e.g., more pectin-Ca crosslinks and delayed cell separation were observed in aged Bambara groundnuts. Accordingly, starch digestibility was assessed for fresh and aged Bambara groundnuts. Faster starch digestion occurred in aged compared to fresh Bambara groundnuts that were cooked for similar times. Indeed, due to the increased cell rupture in aged samples, amylase had more rapid access to the substrate. The starch digestion behaviour of fresh and aged samples with comparable hardness and microstructures (mostly individual cells) was highly similar. These results ruled out a direct influence of the development of the HTC phenomenon on starch digestion.Individual cells were the characteristic microstructure of seeds with edible hardness. Therefore, in the final part of the work, the effect of processing intensity and hardness sorting on starch and protein digestibility was evaluated on isolated individual cells. Isolated individual cells from longer cooking times had faster starch and protein digestibility. Considerable diversity in hardness was present in seeds after cooking. Seeds were sorted into high and low hardness classes. Therefore, the effect of hardness differences of seeds from the same cooking time could be assessed. Individual cells from high hardness classes had (s)lower starch and protein digestibility. The estimated kinetic parameters of starch and protein digestibility were highly correlated.From this doctoral thesis, it can be concluded that postharvest storage is an important but understudied stage of the pulse chain that affects the nutritional quality of pulses taking into account subsequent processing. Additionally, the hardness parameter and its linked microstructure can be used as an overall variable to fine‑tune starch and protein digestibility." "Mechanistic insight into hard-to-cook development in common beans: Integrating reaction kinetics and state diagrams" "Marc Hendrickx" "Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT)" "In recent years, the shift toward plant-based foods has largely increased the global awareness of the nutritional importance of legumes and their potential role in sustainable food systems. Common beans are and have been a staple source of affordable proteins and micronutrients for many people in developing nations and the increasing demand for healthy and sustainable foods in developed nations has seen a revival of interest in legumes consumption in general. Postharvest storage is a fundamental part of the common beans value chain as it facilitates a steady supply by bridging the gap between different harvesting seasons. However, long term storage of beans at high temperature (>25 °C) and relative humidity (>65%), relevant conditions in the tropical regions where beans form a significant part of the diet, results in development of hard-to-cook (HTC), a cooking quality defect that causes long cooking times of beans. The mechanisms involved in HTC development during storage of beans are rather complex and despite the tremendous efforts devoted to understanding the occurrence of this phenomenon the mechanisms largely remain unresolved.In this doctoral study, an integrated approach combining material science (glass transition temperature) and reaction kinetics was elaborated to gain insight into the mechanism of HTC development during storage of beans. As a first step, the plausibility of the most classical hypothesis of HTC development (pectin-cation-phytate theory) was evaluated by assessing the storage-induced changes in intrinsic compositional factors linked to this hypothesis in seven common bean varieties that have different susceptibilities (low, intermediate and high) to develop HTC. In particular, decrease in phytate content during ageing significantly correlated (r=-0.66, p" "Off-Modern Catholic Aesthetics. Rethinking the Role of Religion in 20th Century Art and Architecture" "Stéphane Symons" "Centre for Metaphysics, Philosophy of Religion and Philosophy of Culture, History, Theory and Criticism of Architecture" "The PhD thesis centres on analysing connections between aesthetic modernism and traditional Catholic ideas. In terms of scope it examines transnational intellectual transfers between Europe and the US, primarily between 1945 and 1970. To do so, methodological tools derived from intellectual history are employed to observe how concepts which were mobilised from different disciplines sought to maintain a sacred conception of aesthetics within a rapidly changing post-World War II social environment. By analysing aesthetics and theology in tandem, the aim of the research is to construct both an alternative aesthetic historiography which takes into consideration the role of religion in processes of modernisation, and to mobilise a philosophical aesthetics which emerges from encounters between tradition and the avant-garde. This operated along two core fault lines: firstly, the socio-economic context of inter-war France, and secondly, in terms of the transplanted intellectual, where ideas which were initially conceived in Europe found their final articulation in the US after World War II. In terms of methodology, the thesis draws on the historiographic approaches of Reinhart Koselleck and Hans Blumenberg. In this respect, the dynamics between traditional Catholic ideas and modernist aesthetics is framed within two main categories: firstly, it draws on Koselleck’s notion of ‘sediments of time’ to explore the conflicted temporalities at work between the medieval and modern conceptions of architecture. In the second instance, it analyses how Catholic educators sought to leverage the ‘horizon of expectation’ with the ‘space of experience’ by mobilizing religious ideas in a modern pedagogical context. This broader intellectual horizon is channelled into specific case studies whereby a facet of the secular-religious dynamics of modernist aesthetics is given a sharper conceptual focus. Archival material is used as the basis for the argument of each chapter. Moreover, it draws on Hans Blumenberg’s early work on ‘metaphorology’ to connect these ‘micro-texts’ to the broader historical context in which they appeared, namely, post-World War II America. The first chapter examines the theoretical discourse on architecture of the Dominican friar and art critic, Marie-Alain Couturier (1897-1954). Having trained to become an artist at the Ateliers d'art sacré in Paris (1920 – 1925), and a theologian at Le Saulchoir and Rome (1925 – 1932), Couturier was situated between the emergence of aesthetic modernism, and a Catholic intellectual framework undergoing major transformations in the first half of the 20th century. This chapter is divided into three parts which offer a theoretical backdrop for the remaining three case studies. First, an anti-modern paradigm, based on ‘romantic anti-capitalism’, wherein Couturier’s thinking was characterised by a radically anti-republican politics on the one hand, and a Neo-Thomist aesthetics on the other. The second part looks at Couturier’s fraternal Catholic modernism, where his framework shifted towards embracing existential hermeneutics. Finally, it examines how the contradictions at work in Couturier’s framework come to the fore in his analysis of modern sacred architecture.The second chapter examines the clash of temporalities between the medieval and modern by looking at a specific building, namely Marcel Breuer’s (1902 – 1981) futurist design for Benedictine chapel in Collegeville, Minnesota (1953 – 1961). Here, Breuer used innovations from modernist architecture and engineering techniques. Accordingly, the chapter is framed as a negotiation between aesthetic discourses of industry (modernism) on the one hand, and mysticism (tradition) on the other. The analysis is split into two parts. First, the continuities and discrepancies between Breuer’s and the Benedictines’ respective conceptions of ‘architectural symbolism’ is dissected. Second, the chapter engages a comparative investigation between the former Bauhaus teacher, Josef Albers’ conception of the spiritual in art with the more public understanding of symbolism within Benedictine frameworks.The third chapter analyses the impact which the phenomenon of religious conversion had on the educational philosophy of the curator, activist, and philanthropist, Dominique de Menil (1908 – 1997). During the late 1930s, de Menil was immersed in the renaissance of Catholic intellectual life in France. After a series of geographic displacements, de Menil translated these ideas into her artistic and activist pursuits in Houston after World War II. The first part examines the intellectual origins of de Menil’s conversion to Catholicism. The second part scrutinises the bearing of these ideas in the context of her educational and curatorial agenda in the US after World War II.Finally, the concept of ‘crisis’ is analysed in post-World War II architectural education in the US. This is done through the lens of an influential educator, Jean Labatut (1899 – 1986). During his time as the Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Architecture in Princeton (1928 – 1967), Labatut developed a unique form of research based on the development of visual sensibility, which he implemented in his ‘architectural laboratory’. As a progressive Catholic, Labatut thought that religious ideas could be integrated within modernist buildings and urban planning. The first part unpacks Labatut’s framework within the rubrics of visuality, phenomenology, history, and religion. Part two explores how these ideas were taken up in the post-war intellectual landscape via two of his student’s theses: Francis Prokes and Robert Venturi.In their respective ways, the protagonists of the research sought to reconcile fundamentally heterogenous conceptions of time. Concepts which were derived from a medieval context, were placed alongside modern concepts. The thesis therefore concludes with a reflection on what a re-examination of this clash of temporalities, between the medieval and the modern, can contribute to debates in the historiographic sciences. In terms of impact, can be seen as a contribution to the fields of Art History (as a reconsideration of the role religion played in 20th century aesthetics), Religious Studies (as a reflection on the process whereby Catholic ideas underwent complex and contradictory transformations), and Intellectual History (a reflection on what new forms of temporality and periodisation a clash between the medieval and the modern can produce)." "BINGE EATING AND PURGING IN COLLEGE STUDENTS: CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL MULTIVARIATE CORRELATES" "Ronny Bruffaerts" "Public Health Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology" "INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Binge eating and purging behaviors (BPB) are symptomatic behaviors which can be present in eating disorders and other mental disorders, as well as in non-pathological conditions. Specifically, binge eating refers to episodes during which a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food while feeling a sense of loss of control; purging behaviors are inappropriate compensatory behaviors, aiming to prevent weight gain, which can follow bingeing episodes or exist independently (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Binge eating and purging behaviors (BPB) are common in western countries (McBride et al., 2013). Estimates for the prevalence of binge eating are in the 4.2% - 11.2% range (more commonly reported by female than male respondents; Reichborn-Kjennerud et al., 2003) and 1.3% - 2.4% for purging (with 3 times higher odds for women; Mitchison & Mond, 2015). The peak of incidence of these disordered eating behaviors is late adolescence (Lewinsohn et al., 2000; Sim et al., 2013), and the transition to college has been highlighted as a period at risk for their development (Compas et al., 1986; Levine, 1996; Slane et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2018). BPB are associated with both physical and mental health problems (Fairweather-Schmidt et al., 2015; Kärkkäinen et al., 2018; Wade et al., 2012). Mood and anxiety disorders (Berg et al., 2009; Keski‐Rahkonen & Mustelin, 2016), substance use, post-traumatic stress, personality disorders (Solmi et al., 2014; Woodside et al., 2001), suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self-injury (Eisenberg et al., 2011; Micali et al., 2015) have been associated with BPB either in isolation, or in consideration of a limited set of comorbidities and potential confounders. BPB frequently co-occur with other mental health problems (Auerbach et al., 2018) making hard to understand whether BPB are uniquely associated with specific mental health problems and/or long term consequences. Given that BPB are relatively common in youth and that most of western high-school graduates enroll in college (Institute for Statistics, UNESCO), it is surprising that the potential role of BPB in academic performance and career has scantly been investigated. Our previous study found that BPB (especially binge eating) are relatively common and associated with mental health problems, comparatively low academic performance, and higher risk of academic failure among college first-year students (Serra et al., 2020). To our knowledge, only few other studies on this subject exist (Hoerr et al., 2002; Yanover & Thompson, 2008), suggesting that subjective academic interference in students with such symptoms. Further work on this topic is needed to clarify the longitudinal role of BPB in academic performance, student’s mental health (including Suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury) and help seeking behavior. Also, these results will need to be tested in association to sociodemographic confounders and other mental health problems to clarify the possible, individual role of BPB in the prediction of such outcomes. The project is part of a larger study using data from the Leuven College Surveys, carried out in annual surveys of college since the academic years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, as part of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student Initiative (WMH-ICS; http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/college_student_survey.php). The WMH-ICS aims to collect cross-national epidemiological information about mental health problems among college populations worldwide. Building upon these findings, the initiative will investigate the efficacy of various interventions promoting students’ well-being, social integration, and academic functioning.  B. GENERAL HYPOTHESIS AND SPECIF AIMS OF THE PROJECT This PhD has its foundation in a previous work titled “Twelve-month binging and purging behaviors in college freshmen: prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity, and academic performance” (Serra et al., 2020) and a series of other articles focusing on the same pool of subjects (Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Kiekens et al., 2016; Mortier et al., 2015; Ebert et al., 2019; Benjet et al., in press). The current PhD builds on these findings by further investigating BPB in their longitudinal association with other mental health problems, academic functioning, and help-seeking behaviors,. More specifically the research questions are: - Does BPB at baseline have an impact on academic functioning throughout the academic career? - Does BPB at baseline predict the onset of comorbid mental problems (eg major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, or substance use disorder) or suicidal thoughts and behaviors (ie suicide ideation, plan, and/or attempt) at follow-up? - What are risk and protective factors against the onset of comorbid mental problems and/or suicidal thoughts and behaviors in students with BPB? - How many students with BPB are or have been in treatment? Are there specific treatment barriers for students with BPB, and how does service use relates to the onset of comorbid mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors? The setup is exploratory in nature, and, hence, hypotheses-generating instead of hypotheses-testing. The available data allows to improve on existing knowledge in multiple ways. First, the use of both cross-sectional and longitudinal data will offer a more dynamic perspective on the clinical course of BPB among college students. Second, the possibility of testing multivariate models, including a wide range of clinical and sociodemographic risk factors, could lead to more specific and un-ambiguous prediction models of BPB, its risk/protective factors, and its prospective consequences. Third, the relative numerosity of the sample will offer the possibility of performing sub-group analysis and to study multivariate mediation and moderation models, pushing the understanding of this phenomenon farther. Ultimately, we are confident that the obtained results will lead to a more detailed understanding of BPB in emerging adults, with implications on the clinical field, but also on the level of policy makers in their efforts of C. METHODOLOGY Sampling The data gathering was carried out in two phases. In phase 1, cross-sectional data on the students enrolled in university for the first time was gathered (Generation Students [GS]). In Phase 2, these students were followed-up until 2018, providing four waves of longitudinal data. The longitudinal data that will be used in the current PhD is already collected between 2012 and 2018. The sample is the population of GS of the KULeuven with a follow-up of the baseline sample of the academic years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 (ie one baseline assessment with four follow-up assessments). At baseline, each GS was invited by the Student Affairs Office for a medical check-up at the student’s Health Centre (MPTC). This occasion was used to administer an electronic survey. The baseline (T0) population consists of 4,889 first-year students (weighted response rate [RR] 73%), with 2,434 students in the first (conditional RR=67%), 1,982 in the second (conditional RR=81%), 1,759 in the third (conditional RR=89%), and 1,641 in the fourth follow-up assessment (conditional RR=93%). All data are weighted in order to tackle non-response bias and maintain representativity. The overall RRs are far above the commonly reported mean RR of 39.6% found in a meta-analysis of 68 e-surveys (Cook et al., 2000). The e-survey used the online surveying software of Qualtrics Labs Inc © (UT, U.S.), which is available in Dutch and English. Students invited to the MPTC completed the e-survey in convenient circumstances, i.e., on a computer installed in a private room. At follow-up, students could choose their own environment to complete the survey. Prior studies suggested that the use of e-surveys increases the honesty of people’s reporting of sensitive information (Watson et al., 2001). Internal subsampling was used to reduce respondent burden. This allowed an optimal balance of response time and number of items assessed. Included instruments and variables Information about freshman socio-demographic characteristics was obtained from the KU Leuven students’ administration office and included gender, age, nationality, parents’ financial situation, parental education, parental familial composition, university group membership, and secondary school educational type. Survey items assessed sexual orientation and living situation at college. Suicidal thoughts and behaviours items were taken from the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview (SITBI; Nock et al., 2007). STB was conceptualized as a continuum (Nock et al., 2012), starting with suicidal ideation (“Did you ever in your life have thoughts of killing yourself?”), possibly accompanied by a suicide plan (“Did you ever think about how you might kill yourself [e.g., taking pills, shooting yourself] or work out a plan of how to kill yourself?”), and then leading in some cases to a suicide attempt (“Have you ever made a suicide attempt [i.e., purposefully hurt yourself with at least some intent to die]?”). Suicidal ideation was clearly differentiated from a mere death wish (“Did you ever wish you were dead or would go to sleep and never wake up?”). Parental psychopathology and traumatic experiences in childhood-adolescence (i.e. prior to the age of 17) were assessed using 19 items adapted from the CIDI-3.0 childhood section (Kessler and Ustun, 2004), the Adverse Childhood Experience Scale (Felitti et al., 1998), and the Bully Survey (Swearer and Cary, 2003), including parental psychopathology, physical abuse, emotional abuse, or sexual abuse. Risk for 12-month mental disorder was assessed with the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GAIN-SS; Dennis et al., 2006) including: internalizing disorders (depression, anxiety, sleep problems, post-traumatic stress, and suicidal ideation), externalizing disorders (attention deficit, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and conduct problems), substance disorders (abuse and dependence symptoms), and crime/violence related disorders (drug-related, property, and interpersonal crime). Past year eating disorder symptoms (i.e., binge eating and purging behaviour) were assessed with two items taken from the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Screen (Sheehan et al., 1998). Non-suicidal self-injury was assessed with the corresponding item from the SITBI (cf. above; Nock et al., 2007) that asked students “Did you ever do something to hurt yourself on purpose, without wanting to die (e.g., cutting yourself, hitting yourself, or burning yourself)?”. Stressful events experienced in the past 12-months were assessed using items assessing life-threatening illness or injury of a family member or close friend, accidents or death of a family member or close friend, or interpersonal events (e.g., break-up with a romantic partner, serious betrayal by someone other than one’s partner. Students' academic outcome has been provided from the central services of the KU Leuven for which the study had an approval of the Rectoral Services. Data was de-identified for further analyses. Only the researchers, bound by the law of confidentiality, were able to recall the identity of students, to enable further surveying in Phase 2. Students will be fully informed and will provide informed consent. The Ethical Committee of the KU Leuven gave their approval (B322201215611) as did the Belgian Privacy Commission (VT005040180). Statistics All analyses will use descriptive and bivariate statistics and multivariate between-data (e.g., logistic regression models) and within-data approaches (e.g., hierarchical models for change). To address possible nonresponse bias, statistical weights will be constructed making use of non-response analyses and sociodemographic data. Multivariate regression models will be constructed both cross-sectionally (measurements clustered within units) and prospectively (measurements clustered within persons). The proportion of explained variance, the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Difference in Deviance Tests (DID) and Ockham’s razor principle of generalizability will guide model comparisons. Analyses will be performed with available version of SPSS, and R. D. Milestones and timing of the PhD project In year 1 we will focus on an up-to-date systematic review of available literature that will provide a comprehensive and useful basis for the research and publications to build on. Year 2 will be devoted to comprehensive bivariate and multivariate exploratory analyses based upon data from the cross-sectional survey of Phase 1 of the project. In year 3-4 we will focus on the development of predictive multivariate risk and protective models on mental health problems, help-seeking behavior in students and academic performance. These data will be based on the longitudinal follow-up of our base sample. Years 5-6 consist of the finalization of the PhD and the public, scientific, and policy dissemination of the findings. With regard to feasibility, the project takes root on strong existing publications and will build on that, using the readily available, high quality data. E. Conclusion This study will lead to new information on the epidemiology of BPB in young adults. This will be achieved using a complex analytical approach. The study will provide significant additions and advances to both science and clinical practice by examining theoretically derived and clinically useful prediction models for BPB. Data will be weighted for a wide range of sociodemographic and clinically relevant variables and for non-response in order to provide a realistic and representative analysis of students’ mental health, help-seeking behaviors and academic performance in relation to a relatively common and easily assessable behavior, i.e. BPB. This could provide multiple parties with useful information: the university and policymakers will have access to a scientifically-informed and empirically-derived instrument and method of identifying students at risk for BPB and related risk in academic performance from their first university year. Available prospective data can lead to indications on the longitudinal course of such cases, leading to recommendations regarding the assessment and improvement of student mental health and, perhaps most importantly, recommendations for the prevention of student mental health problems. References - American Psychiatric Association. (2013). 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Developmental trajectories of disordered eating from early adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(7), 793-801. doi:10.1002/eat.22329 - Solmi, F., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., Treasure, J., & Micali, N. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating in a general population sample: the South East London Community Health (SELCoH) study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(8), 1335-1346. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0822-3 - UNESCO Institute of statistics (2015). Total enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving. World Bank EdStats. Retrived from https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/ed-stats - Watson, P. D., Denny, S. J., Adair, V., Ameratunga, S. N., Clark, T. C., Crengle, S. M., … Sporle, A. A. (2001). Adolescents’ perceptions of a health survey using multimedia computer-assisted self-administered interview. Aust N Z J Public Health, 25, 520–524. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11824987 - Woodside, D. B., Garfinkel, P. E., Lin, E., Goering, P., Kaplan, A. S., Goldbloom, D. S., & Kennedy, S. H. (2001). Comparisons of Men With Full or Partial Eating Disorders, Men Without Eating Disorders, and Women With Eating Disorders in the Community. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(4), 570-574. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.570 - Yanover, T., & Thompson, J. K. (2008). Self-reported interference with academic functioning and eating disordered symptoms: Associations with multiple dimensions of body image. Body Image, 5(3), 326-328. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.008 - Yu, Z., Indelicato, N. A., Fuglestad, P., Tan, M., Bane, L., & Stice, C. (2018). Sex differences in disordered eating and food addiction among college students. Appetite, 129, 12-18. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.06.028" "Understanding the cooking behavior of common beans: linking texture and flavor evolution during cooking with state diagrams and storage conditions" "Marc Hendrickx" "Centre for Food and Microbial Technology, Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT)" "The quality of plant-derived foods is rooted on composition and cellular structure of the food matrix. Quality attributes of critical importance in food include colour, flavour and texture. In plant-based foods, cellular structure is mostly dependent on polysaccharides that make up the cell wall and middle lamella. Modifications of these polysaccharides during pre-process storage, processing and/or post-process storage due to enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic reactions may lead to drastic changes in quality. Therefore, a lot of research has been done on preservation of quality of plant-based foods before, during and after processing using thermal and non-thermal processing technologies. However, success of such measures demands a full understanding of the possible changes that can cause quality deterioration. Legumes are one of the foods that exhibit deterioration of quality during pre-processing storage. During storage under tropical conditions, they develop a textural defect termed as hard-to-cook (HTC). In this current study, the focus will be on the widely cultivated and consumed legume, common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), which has been branded as a model food legume. Over the years, there have been attempts on elucidation of mechanisms of HTC development in common beans but the defect is still poorly understood. The extent of HTC development has been shown to be variety dependent and this has led to classification of common beans as either easy-to-cook (ETC) or HTC. Several biomolecules in common beans have been implicated in HTC development, chief among them polysaccharides in the cell wall and middle lamella, which have been shown to undergo modifications during storage. Such modifications include pectin crosslinking, lignin formation, complex formation between proteins and phenolics, and lipid oxidation. The influence of HTC on bean-cooking behaviour and consequently on nutrients and visual and texture appeal of cooked common beans has been investigated. HTC significantly increases cooking time of beans, leading to loss of thermolabile nutrients. It reduces digestibility of starch and proteins as well as bioavailability of the latter. However, there are still knowledge gaps and unaddressed issues that may provide more insights into this defect and its consequences.The objective of the proposed research is to enhance the current knowledge and mechanistic insight in the development of HTC and its consequence in preparing (cooking) legumes. It is well known that for long-term storage and stability of foodstuffs, they should be stored below their glass transition temperatures (Tg). This hypothesis has so far not been evaluated in the context of HTC development of legumes and creates the starting point for the first part of the research. The appropriate storage conditions for prevention of HTC development in common beans have not been defined. It is in this light that the Tg of common beans will be determined in the current study. Since modifications of components of the cell wall and middle lamella occur simultaneously during storage of beans, independent investigations on individual components will not allow a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. To achieve this, in the second part of the research an integrated approach that considers the major hypotheses simultaneously and the independent contribution of cotyledons and seed coats to HTC development is vital. A thorough review of literature revealed that this is lacking. Therefore, it is the focus of this study to use an integrated approach in investigating HTC development. To gain more insight into biomolecular changes during cooking of beans, it is imperative to analyse these biomolecules along the cooking profile of beans rather than before and after cooking. A few studies have been done on volatiles from beans but neither along the cooking profile nor with consideration of the influence of HTC. Through analysis of volatiles along the cooking profile, the types of reactions taking place during cooking can be better understood and any volatiles produced due to HTC development can be noted. This approach of analyses along the cooking profile of beans will give a better understanding of the texture-microstructure-biomolecular-flavour relations during cooking."