Title Participants Abstract "In-Between Critical Mathematics Education and Ethnomathematics. The Case of a Romany Students’ group Mathematics Education." "Charoula Stathopoulou" "In this paper we want to explore the field of mathematics education that focuses on the social context. Research on the social dimension of mathematics education - the cultural, societal and institutional level - is mainly done in the field of Critical Mathematics Education and the field of Ethnomathematics. Even though Ethnomathematics is a critical research program and a critical practice regarding mathematics education, in literature it is still considered different from the so-called Critical Mathematics Education (Vithal & Skovsmose 1997). In a first theoretical part of this paper we will investigate the historical growth, and the differences and similarities of Critical Mathematics Education and Ethnomathematics. We will argue that in spite of the different historical background, the two fields are now converting to each other based on their similarities, being a critical attitude and the focus on the social dimension of mathematics education. In the second part of the paper we present the results of an empirical study searching the association between cultural context and mathematics teaching/learning in a Romany students' class. The data were selected through ethnographical techniques -participant observation and interviewing. For understanding and interpreting culture and cognition issues in the classroom, the research was expanded by examining the students' community of origin: visiting their homes, and observing their family's activities. As the findings indicate Romany students come to school with a rich corpus of informal mathematical knowledge differentiated of the main stream students' one due to their cultural peculiarities -semi nomadic way of life, socio-economic organization, language's orality etc. Teachers and the state in general ignoring or diminishing this background knowledge due to the marginalization and the inclusion of Romany students. Not only their educational identity is affected by this but also their social identity. The demand for improvement of their aptitude on mathematics education and their social role is both an ethnomathematics issue and an issue of Critical mathematical education. This empirical research on mathematics education of Greek Romany students will bring an example of a research practice that situates itself in-between Critical Mathematics Education and Ethnomathematics. This case study will bring an argument for a growing communication between the two approaches and the fruitfulness of their collaboration." "In-Between Critical Mathematics Education and Ethnomathematics. A Philosophical Reflection and an Empirical Case of a Romany Students’ group Mathematics Education." "Charoula Stathopoulou" "Although D' Ambrosio (2001) in his later work speaks about the political dimension of Ethnomathematics as 'an evidence' and the researchers of Critical Mathematics Education have incorporated ethnomathematical ideas in their research, these two approaches are up to now perceived as separate research fields. In this paper we briefly present the development of both research fields and we explore their similarities. An empirical study on a minority group of Romany students is presented in order to illustrate on the one hand that it is difficult to separate both research fields, and on the other hand to demonstrate the fruitfulness of a common theoretical framework. A more effective communication between EM and CME should contribute to a better understanding of mathematics education mostly for minority and marginalized groups." "The ancient city" "Andries Johan Zuiderhoek" "Greece and Rome were quintessentially urban societies. Ancient culture, politics and society arose and developed in the context of the polis and the civitas. In modern scholarship, the ancient city has been the subject of intense debates due to the strong association in Western thought between urbanism, capitalism and modernity. In this book, Arjan Zuiderhoek provides a survey of the main issues at stake in these debates, as well as a sketch of the chief characteristics of Greek and Roman cities. He argues that the ancient Greco-Roman city was indeed a highly specific form of urbanism, but that this does not imply that the ancient city was somehow 'superior' or 'inferior' to forms of urbanism in other societies, just (interestingly) different. The book is aimed primarily at students of ancient history and general readers, but also at scholars working on urbanism in other periods and places. * Offers a brief and accessible survey of some of the main scholarly debates on the ancient city * Provides an overview of the main characteristics of Greek and Roman cities (their politics, society, economics, urban space, and so on) * Argues for the historical specificity of the ancient city in comparison with cities in other periods and places and thus contributes to the ongoing debates concerning the nature of the ancient city and pre-modern cities more generally" "L'édition grecque dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux du XVIe siècle" "Pierre Delsaerdt" "Chistophe Plantin’s Polyglot Bible (Antwerp, 1568–1573) is generally considered a milestone in the history of typography, not least thanks to the aesthetic quality of its Greek texts. In this article, the author explores the emergence of Greek publishing in the Southern Low Countries and the challenges it entailed. The first text containing Greek characters printed in this region dates from 1491, but the first substantial Greek texts only appeared in 1515 and 1516. They were printed by Dirk Martens (c.1447–1534) in the context of the Collegium trilingue, an institute for the study of Latin, Greek and Hebrew created by Erasmus within the university of Leuven. After Martens’s retirement (1529), Greek publishing at Leuven was continued by the Trilingue professor of Greek Rutgerus Rescius, first in association with a German student of his, Johann Sturm, later in close collaboration with another Leuven printer, Bartholomaeus Gravius (†1578). Their text editions were mainly handbooks to be used by the Trilingue students. They were printed in a quarto format, with ample margins and a large line spacing allowing the students to add translations and comments to the texts. In the second half of the sixteenth century however, the centre of Greek publishing moved from Leuven to Antwerp. Several Antwerp printers had already published Greek texts (e.g. Joannes Grapheus), but clearly, the main expert in this field of publishing was Christophe Plantin. Whereas the Leuven printers had used Greek type modelled on Aldus Manutius’s characters, Plantin rather turned to Claude Garamont’s “grecs du roy”, and had them copied by French punchcutters such as Robert Granjon. In 1567, Plantin published a type specimen in which Hebrew and Greek characters were given priority over romans, italics and blackletters. Clearly, his idea was to demonstrate his capacity as a scholarly publisher, in view of the great enterprise he prepared: the publication of the eight-volume Polyglot Bible. Plantin’s Greek type was also used to print other Greek texts, such as Fulvio Orsini's Carmina novem illustrium feminarum next to a series of Greek textbooks used in secundary schools. This last genre was continued by Plantin’s son-in-law Joannes Moretus, who for some time had a monopoly on printing Greek textbooks for the Jesuit colleges. However, Moretus’s last Greek publication appeared in 1612. In all, the tradition of Greek printing in the Southern Low Countries had only lasted for nearly a century. The tradition then moved to the Dutch Republic, where Plantin’s daughter Marguerite and his son-in-law Franciscus Raphelengius picked up the torch." "The Reception of European Cultures in British Romantic Review Periodicals, 1809-1827" "Melanie Hacke" "My PhD studied two British journals founded in the early nineteenth century. In British art history, this period is called the Romantic period: though it is more complex than that, emotions and nature were more important to Romantic artists than order and structure. Well-known British Romantic artists are the painter John Constable, whose landscapes (with their impressive clouds) are worth millions today; or the poet William Wordsworth, at whose 'I wandered lonely as a cloud' many readers' hearts leap up still. Yet early-nineteenth-century life did not solely consist of solitary walks and high-flown poetry. What is more, Romanticism reacted against the growing urbanisation and industrialisation of British society - much like Paolo Cognetti's The Eight Mountains is so popular these days, precisely because we are tired of our busy and digital lives, and yearn for the peace and simplicity of an Alpine hut. Accordingly, though we associate British Romanticism with nature scenes and sensitive poetry, countless other genres and types of media also flourished during the early nineteenth century, including magazines. The two journals around which my research revolved are The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly Review. The Edinburgh Review was established in 1802, when four ambitious young men decided to found a periodical that would review books. Their reviews were written from a liberal perspective, in line with the ideology of the liberal party. At the time, the liberals were only a minority in the British Parliament, where the conservatives reigned supreme. The Edinburgh Review became a success in no time. As that bothered the conservatives, they started The Quarterly Review in 1809, as a rival to The Edinburgh Review; it soon sold just as well. Just like The Edinburgh Review, The Quarterly Review was published four times a year; hence the name 'Quarterly'. Both periodicals reviewed books, but their reviews were very different from those you find in today's newspapers and magazines. A review in The Edinburgh or Quarterly averaged 30 pages and dealt with more than just a book. For example, when they discussed the memoirs of the physician who served Napoleon on St Helena, the article would not just evaluate the memoirs, but equally examine Napoleon's rise and fall, as well as France's likely future. At times the book under review was just an excuse to write about a theme the book was connected with. The Victorian author Walter Bagehot therefore called the articles in The Edinburgh Review 'review-like essays' or, conversely, 'essay-like reviews'. In that respect, The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly Review hover somewhere between the reviews of De Standaard der Letteren and the articles in Knack. My dissertation examined how The Edinburgh and Quarterly Review wrote about other European cultures. For this, I studied their reviews of foreign-language books. On a practical level, my research consisted of two components: a quantitative and a qualitative component. The quantitative component focused on numbers and quantities: in a large Excel document, I noted down the details of every Edinburgh and Quarterly Review article published between 1809 and 1827 - both journals were accessible online. An enormous task, but fortunately I was able to get the help of three MA students, who entered a large number of articles into the database. The Excel document naturally contained the basic details about each journal article: title of the article, title of the reviewed works, publication date, etc. Additional categories were set up to study the presence of foreign languages. Examples of such categories are: - in what language were the reviewed books written originally? - were the foreign-language books reviewed in translation or in an original version? - did the articles quote any excerpts in foreign languages? After all periodicals were added to the Excel database, I was able to analyse them by combining categories and displaying them in tables and graphs. For instance, of all the books reviewed in The Edinburgh and The Quarterly between 1809 and 1827 (some 2,500 books), three-quarters were originally written in English; the remaining quarter were foreign-language books - reviewed in translation as well as reviewed in the original. A quarter is not a large quantity, but neither is it a very small quantity. It would be interesting to investigate this ratio in contemporary British review periodicals before and after Brexit, such as the Times Literary Supplement or the London Review of Books. I also tried to find out whether the ratio remains constant year after year, or whether it fluctuates over time. Indeed, some historians and literary scholars claim that British culture became more isolated from mainland Europe after the French Revolution, though there is little evidence to support that claim. There are, however, quite a few historical documents demonstrating how the British interest in other cultures boomed after 1815, when the Battle of Waterloo ended the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. For example, customs records show that imports of foreign books increased dramatically after 1815. I was accordingly curious to see whether this trend would be reflected in The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly Review, but the database showed that they did not. There are a few fluctuations, but overall the percentage of foreign-language books never strays far from the 25% mark. Still, it is remarkable that the percentage remains so constant throughout the turbulent war years and the transnational boom that follows. Although I did not discover any letters or other documents demonstrating that this 75-25 ratio was a deliberate publication strategy, a few letters from editors and reviewers show that both journals looked frantically for foreign-language publications during periods when trade with the Continent was hindered by the war. On the other hand, both journals were equally aware that it would not be very patriotic to let reviews of foreign-language literature prevail over reviews of English-language works. The Excel database of course generated more results, among others: Among the foreign-language books reviewed in the Edinburgh and Quarterly, French works prevail, followed by German, Italian, ancient Greek, and Latin works. The majority of foreign-language books are reviewed in the original version, rather than in translation. Throughout the period 1809-27 the number of ancient Greek and Latin books selected for review decreases. Instead, more attention is given to modern languages, such as German, Italian, and Spanish. In general, the Edinburgh and Quarterly discuss more non-fiction works than imaginative literature, but among the foreign-language books the share of imaginative literature is larger. A striking number of reviewed (English-language as well as foreign-language) books revolve around transnational subjects: foreign politics, colonial matters, travel narratives, (auto)biographies of foreign celebrities, etc. But do the liberal Edinburgh Review and the conservative Quarterly Review approach Continental culture in different ways? When looking at the quantitative results only, the answer is no. Numerically there is hardly any difference between the two journals. But the actual text of the review articles is another matter: there other cultures are indeed approached from different ideological angles, as will be explain below. This issue is precisely the reason why it was important not to stare at my Excel document for too long, but to read the reviews too. In scholarly jargon, quantitative analyses of large groups of texts are called 'distant reading'. You do not read the actual texts, but analyse them on the basis of the data you have collected: in my case these are the title of the review, language of the reviewed books, etc. On the other side of the 'distant reading' method stands 'close reading"", or reading and analysing the text in detail. Since my thesis combined 'distant reading' and 'close reading', the image of a telescope illustrates my method well. With the help of a telescope you can view objects in the distance, but you can also zoom in on them. You can alternate between studying objects from afar and from up close, just my research did. A four-year PhD seems long, but it was too short to read all reviews encompassed by my Excel document. I therefore made a selection of articles around a number of themes, which served as case studies. Unfortunately, in the limited time span of four years, I could not explore the reception of all languages or regions on the Continent either. Instead, I chose two languages that featured prominently in the database; French and German. It would therefore be nice if future researchers can use the Excel database to study the reception of other languages and cultures. I explored the reception of French culture through three case studies. The first focused on reviews of letters and memoirs of eighteenth-century French celebrities. Except for the Prince de Ligne, who was born and bred in Brussels, most of these socialites have been forgotten, but they did frequent the salons where Rousseau, Voltaire and other major figures of the French Enlightenment also dwelled. In the second case study I looked at articles that discussed the life and work of Germaine de Staël, a French-Swiss salonnière whose novels are often seen as proto-feminist works and whose book On Germany boosted the French and British appreciation for German Romanticism. The third and final case examined reviews of French fiction: novels, poems and plays. For the reception of German culture, there were two case studies: one on Goethe, author of Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Faust, and one on Germanic folklore. In the latter case study, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm played a major role, as they led the European trend for collecting medieval fairy tales, legends and folk songs. These five case studies led me to conclude that both The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly Review used tons of clichés when writing about French and German culture. The French may have been excellent cooks, but they were conceited, effeminate, adulterous and corrupt. Consequently, French literature was considered equally decadent, and the long tradition of powdered and perfumed monarchs prevented France from establishing a democracy so soon after the Revolution; certainly not a democracy as balanced as the British was. The German-speaking regions, in turn, are described with a different set of stereotypes: Germans are primitive savages who enjoy exorbitant amounts of food and drink. German literature has progressed little beyond the Middle Ages, as it abounds in superstition and material themes (such as food and clothing). Needless to say, from this perspective Britons are the best people in the world, especially when compared with the French dandies and German savages. British reviewers increasingly position themselves as authorities in literature and politics. In reality, they do not yet possess such status, but it is true that they are gradually taking France's role as the leader of European culture. Moreover, these clichés are typical for the early nineteenth century, when each culture sought to highlight its own unique character. It is in this part of my argument that the link to the cover image of the thesis lies, which is taken from the first English translation of the Grimms' fairy tales. Just as the young tailor in the illustration makes the wild bear dance, British reviewers make French and German texts dance to their own tune by portraying them in a particular way. This at last brings us to the difference between The Edinburgh Review and The Quarterly Review. In their reviews of French texts, the journals agreed on literary issues, but not on ideology. Reviews of French books regularly culminated in ideological discussions about the best form of government, in which The Quarterly Review stubbornly protected the power of the elite, while The Edinburgh Review was more favourable towards the people - note, however, that their definition of 'the people' did not include the working classes, but the upper classes and higher middle classes. In their reviews of German texts, the relationship between the two magazines looks somewhat different. Though they agree that German culture lags behind, but The Quarterly Review recognises its value earlier than The Edinburgh does. Still, these divergent attitudes are not directly connected with the magazines' ideological background, but rather with the personal preferences of particular editors and reviewers. While the new (and young) editor of The Quarterly admires German literature, the older editor of The Edinburgh is not convinced of its worth. The literary and ideological differences between two journals that looked so similar when viewed from a distant perspective, underline the importance of studying periodicals from various methodological angles." "A risk algorithm that predicts alcohol use disorders among college students" "Glenn Kiekens, Koen Demyttenaere, Ronny Bruffaerts" "The first year of college may carry especially high risk for onset of alcohol use disorders. We assessed the one-year incidence of alcohol use disorders (AUD) among incoming first-year students, predictors of AUD-incidence, prediction accuracy and population impact. A prospective cohort study of first-year college students (baseline: N = 5843; response rate = 51.8%; 1-year follow-up: n = 1959; conditional response rate = 41.6%) at a large university in Belgium was conducted. AUD were evaluated with the AUDIT and baseline predictors with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scales (CIDI-SC). The one-year incidence of AUD was 3.9% (SE = 0.4). The most important individual-level baseline predictors of AUD incidence were being male (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.12-2.10), a break-up with a romantic partner (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.08-2.59), hazardous drinking (OR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.31-8.63), and alcohol use characteristics at baseline (ORs between 1.29 and 1.38). Multivariate cross-validated prediction (cross-validated AUC = 0.887) shows that 55.5% of incident AUD cases occurred among the 10% of students at highest predicted risk (20.1% predicted incidence in this highest-risk subgroup). Four out of five students with incident AUD would hypothetically be preventable if baseline hazardous drinking was to be eliminated along with a reduction of one standard deviation in alcohol use characteristics scores, and another 15.0% would potentially be preventable if all 12-month stressful events were eliminated. Screening at college entrance is a promising strategy to identify students at risk of transitioning to more problematic drinking and AUD, thus improving the development and deployment of targeted preventive interventions." "Cardiovascular Efficacy and Safety of Bococizumab in High-Risk Patients" "P. M. Ridker, J. Revkin, P. Amarenco, R. Brunell, M. Curto, F. Civeira, M. Flather, R. J. Glynn, Jeroen Els Grégoire, J Wouter Jukema, Y. Karpov, J. J. P. Kastelein, W. Koenig, A. Lorenzatti, P. Manga, U. Masiukiewicz, Mark Miller, A. Mosterd, J. Murin, J. C. Nicolau, S. Nissen, Ruben Santos, P. F. Schwartz, H. Soran, H. White, R. S. Wright, M. Vrablik, C. Yunis, J. -C. Tardif, Diego Conde, David Colquhoun, Luc Missault, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Runlin Gao, Miroslav Solar, Henrik Kjaerulf Jensen, Diederick E Grobbee, Markku Savolainen, Francois Schiele, Gilles Montalescot, Istvan Edes, Gavin Blake, Chaim Lotan, Aldo P Maggioni, Stefano Savonitto, Cheol Whan Lee, Jose Luis Leiva Pons, Gheorghe-Andrei Dan, Jordi Bruguera Cortada, Linda Mellbin, Thomas Kahan, Stephane Noble, Juey-Jen Hwang, Piyamitr Sritara, Lale Tokgozoglu, Jim Revkin, Lisa Tarasenko, Rafael Carmena, Karen L. Furie, James Neaton, Faiez Zannad, Blair O'Neill, Francine Welty, Robert McNamara, Hyung Chun, J. Dawn Abbott, Daniel Jacoby, Craig McPherson, Farid Jadbabaie, Duane Pinto, Louise McCullough, Isaac E. Silverman, Lauren H. Sansing, Jennifer Dearborn-Tomazos, Joanne Foody, Joseph Schindler, Gregory Piazza, Anjan Chakrabarti, Eli Gelfand, Dan Baultrukonis, Sandip Chaudhuri, Robert Frederich, Margot Johnson, Khurshid Mridha, Ellen Wang, Caimiao Wei, Patricia Anderson, Marjorie Buonanno, Charlotte Epsley, Barbara Evans, Martina Frolova, Martina Goetsch, Diane Hessinger, Edson Ikehara, Karen Ivanac, Jan Kizko, Kim Le, Christine McNally-Dufort, Sharayu Nadkarni, Thor Nissen, Regina Nye, Raphael Pak, Debbie Pence, Patricia Redifer, Robin Schade, Beth Sullivan, John Wegner, José C Alvarez-Cermeño, N. Budassi, D. R. Vogel, H. Avaca, D. G. Conde, J. A. Glenny, R. L. Bruno, L. E. Maffei, J. M. P. Soler, C. J. Zaidman, G. S. Carnero, H. R. Colombo, H. O. Jure, H. A. Luquez, H. R. Ramos, J. H. Resk, M. M. Rusculleda, M. R. Ulla, A. Caccavo, E. F. Farias, L. M. M. Wenetz, P. R. F. Cabella, J. A. Cuadrado, M. Chahin, I. J. Mackinnon, R. B. S. Zarandon, J. Schmidberg, A. Fernandez, O. Montana, O. R. Codutti, V. M. Gorosito, N. Maldonado, Rosa De La Fuente, J. P. A. Di Gennaro, R. A. A. Guerrero, M. S. Alvarez, M. Berli, C. E. Botta, E. E. Montenegro, M. L. Vico, R. Lehman, C. P. Gilfillan, M. d'Emden, T. P. Markovic, Donna Sullivan Havens, C. Aroney, D. S. Crimmins, M. Arstall, W. Van Gaal, P. E. Aylward, J. Amerena, M. William, J. Proietto, Bhagwan Singh, K. W. Arya, A. M. Dart, D. Colquhoun, Patricia Thompson, S. M. Davis, P. A. Carroll, R. Jayasinghe, R. Bhindi, Ian Buysschaert, T. Sarens, Philippe Van De Borne, Benjamin Scott, J. Roosen, F. Cools, Luc H Missault, Corinne Debroye, Danny Schoors, Geert Hollanders, H. H. Schroe, Johan De Sutter, Katleen Hermans, Matthias Carlier, P. van Landegem, J. Verwerft, T. Mulleners, M. D. Delforge, V. Soufflet, I. Elegeert, O S Descamps, Sabine Janssens, Ruben Lemmens, P Desfontaines, A. Scheen, S. Heijmans, L. Capiau, Gisèle Vervoort, Stephane Carlier, D. Faes, B. Alzand, Silvain Keuleers, Lylianne De Wolf, Lawrence De Bruyne, M. O. N. de Santos, J. S. Felicio, C. A. F. Areas, E. L. Figueiredo, Y. L. Michalaros, Gonçalo Reis, Jacqueline Saad, A. P. M. Kormann, D. B. Precoma, F. R. dos Santos, Y. G. Mello, J. F. K. Saraiva, R. L. Rech, R. Cerci, J. A. R. Fortes, P. R. F. Rossi, F. A. de Lima e Silva, M. Hissa, R. P. Silva, W. K. S. B. de Souza, F. V. Guimaraes Filho, O. C. Mangili, M. S. M. de Oliveira Paiva, R. Tumelero, J. A. M. Abrantes, P. R. Caramori, O. P. Dutra, P. E. Leaes, C. A. Polanczyk, F. A. Bandeira e Farias, J. B. X. Junior de Moraes, Luana Russo, A. R., Jr. Alves, M. D. A. Dracoulakis, L. E. F. Ritt, A. H. Herdy, L. N. Maia, M. V. B. B. Sternieri, J. C. A. Ayoub, H. T. Bianco, F. G. Eliaschewitz, F. A. H. Fonseca, E. R. Nakandakare, T. C. P. Bonansea, N. M. S. Castro, P. G. M. de Barros e Silva, Jane P. Smith, Roberto V. Botelho, E. S. Resende, D. S. G. Barbieri, M. E. Hernandes, H. Bajaj, P. Beaudry, J. C. Berlingieri, T. J. Salter, B. Ajala, T. J. Anderson, A. Nanji, D. Desrosiers, D. Gaudet, G. Moran Olcina, M. A. Csanadi, E. StAmour, S. Cusimano, F. A. Halperin, M. Babapulle, S. Vizel, J. Petrella, N. Gupta, G. Tellier, R. Bourgeois, T. Wesson, R. Zadra, D. Y. Twum-Barima, Young-Jin Cha, M. C. Hartleib, J. Bergeron, G. Chouinard, T. P. McPherson, G. Searles, S. R. Peterson, A. Mukherjee, Sylvie Lepage, J. R. Conway, S. M. Kouz, Y. Pesant, Stephen Cheung, R. M. Goldenberg, R. Aronson, Akhil Gupta, M. O'Mahoney, L. Pliamm, I. Teitelbaum, G. N. Hoag, I. J. Nadra, Z. Yared, Lixia Yao, Thi Nguyen, K. K. Saunders, Yining Li, Di Wang, Juanping Li, Xiaobing Yang, Yang Du, Giovanni Wang, P. Yang, Ping Xu, Yang Zhao, Shangming Li, Li Wenbo, Lei Zhang, Y. Zhu, Yiran Zhang, Chunyang Zhou, Ying Wang, Feng Liu, Y. Ma, Z. Ti, Xiao-Xiong Zeng, Yunning Zhou, G. Cui, Dong Li, Lina Xue, Jing Jiang, Y. Lian, Yangzi He, J. A. Mendoza, J. A. C. Bonfanti, F. A. T. Dada, M. A. Urina-Triana, W. R. B. Rodriguez, M. L. J. Sanchez, H. Y. Lozno, E. H. Triana, R. M. S. Arambula, A. E. Rico-Carrillo, Hurig Gallo, J. E. F. Gomez, R. Botero-Lopez, N. I. J. Gomez, C. F. J. Munoz, S. V. Pelaez, A. M. Eraso, A. R. B. Goyes, L. Elbl, N. Fiserova, J. Vesely, B. Wasserburger, V. Blaha, J. Vojacek, P. Maskova, M. Hutyra, J. Vrkoc, T. Hala, P. Vodnansky, P. Bocek, Renata Cifkova, V. Bufka, R. Ceska, M. Machkova, E. Zidkova, M. Lukac, T. Mikusova, I. Kellnerova, L. Kuchar, R. Ferkl, V. Cech, S. Zemek, Z. Monhart, F. Davidsen, A. Joensen, A. S. Lihn, T. K. Rasmussen, H. Wiggers, L. M. Lindgren, U. Schmidt, H. Sillesen, K. K. Thomsen, S. Urhammer, J. Jeppensen, M. Schou, O. May, Knut R. Steffensen, W. B. Nielsen, T. Nielesen, J. M. Jepsen, Arun Rai, R. Sykulski, H. Rickers, L. Frost, Js Lomholdt, K. Egstrup, S. Wermuth, C. Klausen, J. Lassus, A. Palomaki, J. Khari, Turgut Tatlisumak, S. Kekki, E. Vanttinen, A. Strandberg, M. Valtonen, S. M. Sia, M. Puhakka, J. Strand, M. Timonen, J. Levola, L. Arstila, J. Taurio, I. Kantola, J. Suomi, K. Humaloja, K. Askonen, F. Schiele, Igor Sibon, G. Zemour, P. Goube, C. Petit, Z. Chati, G. Range, F. Rabahi, R. Rihani, C. Bergerot, F. Roubille, A. Boye, V. Probst, E. Ferrari, G. Cayla, E. Thouvenot, N. Delarche, T. Couffinhal, D. Coisne, F. Paillard, M. Elbaz, E. Decoulx, D. Angoulvant, B. Agraou, S. Caudmont, J. Berrouschot, B. Lauer, I. Schoell, Dietmar Trenk, K-M Derwahl, A. Khariouzov, F. Proepper, P. Stawowy, U. Da Stephan, J. Stoessel, H-F Voehringer, T. Dorsel, J. Northroff, M. Stratmann, T. Wetzel, C. Axthelm, A. Guenzel, I. Weigmann, M. Faghih, D. Hagemann, Andres Schaefer, Daniel Weber, J. Luedemann, C. Contzen, M. O. Kornmann, B. Winkelmann, Julia Melina Simon, Stefaan Felix, U. Laufs, E. Schmidt, I. Marten, M. Licka, J. Heisters, K. F. Appel, U. Kleinecke-Pohl, C Klein, E. F. von Hodenberg, O. Maus, H. Sigal, H. Taeschner, B. Lemke, C. Perings, G. Illies, A. Pfuetzner, P. Salbach, C. Hengstenberg, Annegret Kohler, H. Mudra, T. Behnke, MR de Baar, M. Jeserich, G. Scholz, I. Naudts, H-J Herrmann, C. B. von Engelhardt, S. Gerke, L. 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Stich, S. Sultan, G. Geskin, G. E. Ruoff, E. Gillespie, K. A. Bybee, P. M. Moriarty, V. Savin, J. M. Agaiby, M. B. Melucci, C. M. Jantzi, E. Davidson, W. B. Smith, C. B. Treasure, P. H. Wakefield, K. Deck, M. A. Edris, R. M. Gilmore, Jens Lykke-Andersen, R. O. Detweiler, J. C. Rosenfeld, D. J. Strobl, J. P. Steinhoff, Anique Makela Adams, R. Estevez, C. Y. Kim, J. Dy, K. E. Fox, N. R. Farris, J. D. Wayne, R. T. Whitney, P. M. Randhawa, D. M. Mego, L. MacDolnald, R. P. Caputo, R. Rigolosi, B. VanNatta, T. R. Pacheco, M. El-Shahawy, E. J. Gonzalez, M. J. Guice, R. S. Cherlin, M. Shoukfeh, F. H. Morris, J. Loy, P. K. Staab, A. Frisoli, M. A. Kimmel, Jeffrey A Cohen, C. B. Green, Janis L. Whitlock, D. J. Butuk, M. J. McCartney, L. R. Ables, R. Acosta, J. G. Alvarez, C. M. Barrera, O. Benitez, R. A. Berenguer, C. F. Breton, R. Chiong, Maria Delgado, A. Dufreny, J. A. Fialkow, S. Franczek, J. J. Frias, C.-J. Moran-Iglesias, L. Landron-Garcia, S. N. Llerena, R. F. Martinez, André Marrocos Miranda, J. A. Morytko, R. Sotolongo, A. Suarez-Sarmiento, A. E. Terrelonge, C. E. Vaca, J. M. Venereo, C. Verdeza, M. L. Zeno, S. Chilka, W. R. Felten, A. N. Hartman, S. S. Shayani, D. Duprez, T. Knickelbine, J. D. Chambers, C. L. Cone, R. Broughton, Marco Napoli, B. L. Seaton, Sloan Smith, M. A. Reedy, P. R. Nicol, S. O. Stringam, J. V. Talano, O. Barnum, V. Desai, M. Montero, R. K. Jacks, J. B. Kostis, J. G. Owen, S. K. Makam, I. Grosman, J. A. Underberg, B. E. Masri, Steven Peters, J. Serje, M. J. J. Lenhard, R. Glover, C. F. Paraboschi, E. H. Lim, L. Connery, W. Kipgen, M. J. DiGiovanna, H. Tayoum, M. K. Ariani, M. F. Robinson, P. C. Clemens, C. N. Corder, B. Schifferdecker, N. K. Tahirkheli, R. T. Hurling, M. S. Rendell, V. Shivaswamy, I-J Madu, C. F. Dahl, K. Ayesu, Cheolgyu Kim, M. B. Barettella, H. A. Jamidar, S. A. Bloom, K. N. Vora, G. Aggarwala, G. Sack, K. Blaze, P. Krichmar, M. Teltser, I. E. Fahdi, E. L. Lain, H. L. Garcia, Sann Karim, D. M. Francyk, M. B. Gordon, B. A. Palchick, M. E. McKenzie, M. P. Gimness, J. Greiff, L. Ruiz-R, J. B. Vazquez-Tanus, D. Schlager, T. Connelly, E. Soroka, W. L. Hastings, D. J. O'Dea, D. A. Purdy, B. Jackson, M. L. Arcanese, J. E. Strain, J. F., Jr. Schmedtje, Matthew David Davis, A. Labroo, S. Prasada, D. L. Scott, G. Vukotic, N. Akhtar, D. C. Larsen, J. M. Rhudy, Stephen Bailey, D. C. Grant, A. Mora, J. A. Perez, R. G. Reyes, J. C. Sutton, D. M. Brandon, B. P. First, Houston J Brian, J. A. Risser, J. Claudio, W. L. Figueroa-Cruz, M. A. Sosa-Padilla, A. E. Tan, M. A. Traboulssi, N. C. Morcos, L. A. Glaser, C. E. Bredlau, M. J. Ramos, D. D. Kandath, E. Kaluski, L. Akright, K. W. Rictor, T. M. Pluto, P. R. Hermany, B. Bellingar, G. B. Clark, J. N. Herrod, M. Goisse, James M. Hook, P. Barrington, D. K. Singal, G. P. Gleason, R. S. Lipetz, T. N. Schuchard, J. H. Bonner, L. B. Forgosh, Guillaume Michel Lefebvre, B. E. Pierpoint, D. M. Radin, S. R. Stoller, N. Segall, D. S. Ramstad, J. M. Trippett, S. A. Benjamin, J-C Labissiere, A. N. Nashed, M. Maaieh, Abeera Junaid Aslam, M. Mandviwala, W. J. French, J. J. Vlach, P. DeStefano, C. J. Bayron, N. J. Fraser, J. H. Sandberg, T. C. Fagan, B. C. Peart, P. G. Suryanarayana, D. K. Gupta, Michael Lee, B. D. Bertolet, P. A. Hartley, M. Kelberman, B. Behmanesh, R. J. Buynak, R. H. Chochinov, A. A. Steinberg, H. Chandna, K. R. Bjasker, E. M. Ball, J. Pock, Sophie Singh, D. Baldari, Sr Kaster, J. P. Lovell, B. S. Horowitz, T. A. Gorman, Anh Dao Nguyen Pham, J. S. Landzberg, K. I. Mootoo, Eun-Yi Moon, J. Krawczyk, A. D. Alfieri, M. J. Janik, D. M. Herrington, R. N. Koilpillai, D. A. Hoffman, Z. H. Sahul, Barry Gumbiner, Anne Cropp, Keiji Imai, Matteo Levisetti, David Plowchalk, Stephen Sasson, Judy Skaggs, Kevin Sweeney, John Vincent" "BACKGROUND Bococizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and reduces levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of bococizumab in patients at high cardiovascular risk. METHODS In two parallel, multinational trials with different entry criteria for LDL cholesterol levels, we randomly assigned the 27,438 patients in the combined trials to receive bococizumab (at a dose of 150 mg) subcutaneously every 2 weeks or placebo. The primary end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina requiring urgent revascularization, or cardiovascular death; 93% of the patients were receiving statin therapy at baseline. The trials were stopped early after the sponsor elected to discontinue the development of bococizumab owing in part to the development of high rates of antidrug antibodies, as seen in data from other studies in the program. The median follow-up was 10 months. RESULTS At 14 weeks, patients in the combined trials had a mean change from baseline in LDL cholesterol levels of -56.0% in the bococizumab group and +2.9% in the placebo group, for a between-group difference of -59.0 percentage points (P"