Title Participants Abstract "Mapping cognitive processes in video-based learning by combining trace and think-aloud data" "Marijn Gijsen, Leen Catrysse, Sven De Maeyer, David Gijbels" "Aims: This study maps differences in cognitive levels of processing when learning from interactive videos and how these are related to differences in learning outcomes. Sample: Participants were 37 higher education students. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to either the deep or surface condition in a between-subjects design. The conditions contained the same videos but had differing task demands to induce different cognitive levels of processing. Trace-data as well as cued-retrospective think aloud data of all participants was gathered. Participants filled out a multi-layered post-test measure. Data was analysed with the Bayesian framework. Results: Results suggest that students in the deep condition spent more time on key information and processed both details and key information in a deeper way. Students in the surface condition spent more time on details and factual knowledge while also rehearsing them more. Students in the deep condition scored higher on the amount and coherence of information they recalled from the videos. Conclusions: The use of multiple data sources and multi-layered post-test measures is a crucial step in better understanding and adequately measuring differences in cognitive processes when learning from interactive videos." "The facts or the story? It takes both to sensitize people about unknown health hazards" "Yi-Lun Jheng, Sander Van de Cruys, Leen Catrysse, Heidi Vandebosch, David Gijbels, Karolien Poels" "Communicating about new or unknown health risks is challenging because it requires audiences to engage with and process novel and often complex health information. This study examines how texts can convey awareness and increase knowledge about health risks people are unaware of. The focus is on how text genre (narrative, expository, and mixed-genre) affects relevant emotional (arousal, transportation) and cognitive outcomes (knowledge and risk severity), measured using both online (electrodermal activity) and offline self-report measures. Mixed-effects model analyses revealed that narrative texts exhibit the highest self-reported arousal, transportation, and risk severity. Additionally, transportation mediates the relationship between text genre and risk severity. Ultimately, mixed-genre texts produced significantly higher arousal peaks and confidence ratings on knowledge posttests compared to expository texts. Taken together, the findings suggest that narrative texts perform better at raising awareness, whereas mixed-genre texts seem more effective in learning. The implications for health risk communication are discussed." "Belgium: a constitutional strategy in support of European integration - with some potential pitfalls" "Patricia Popelier, Peter Bursens" "From the start, Belgium has been an ardent supporter of European integration, mostly to maximize its national interests. This is reflected in its ratification procedure, in the large majorities by which founding European treaties were approved, in the consistent favourable position of mainstream parties, in the weak parliamentary scrutiny of EU affairs, and in the position of the courts. The federalisation process however unintentionally aggravated the constitutional efficiency strategy by requiring all subnational parliaments to give approval to EU treaties, and by establishing a centralized constitutional court. This court, despite its EU-friendly stance, has the potential to shift the strategy to a more legitimacy-oriented one. This was made clear in a one-time judgment in which the Constitutional Court, in principle, adhered to the counter-limits doctrine." "Entering the labor market" "Dries De Weerdt, Ayla De Schepper, Eva Kyndt, David Gijbels" "This study examines the social networks and networking behavior of students graduating from higher education and transitioning to the labor market. To obtain an in-depth understanding of graduating students’ social networks, a mixed method social network study was conducted. Network data from 12 graduating students were collected. The results showed that students seek labor market-oriented contacts with individuals in the personal, education, and work contexts. Students received more practical and job-specific support from weak ties (e.g., colleagues at internships) and more social and emotional support from strong ties (e.g., parents and fellow students). The development of a labor market-oriented network occurred spontaneously through social media channels or when students proactively connected with others at educational institutions or job events. However, not all students felt confident developing a network. In these cases, the lack of awareness of relevant network actors, and interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics play a critical role." "Understanding bias better" "Bastiaan Redert, Peter Bursens" "European Union (EU) agencies are known to have a high risk of capture by regulated business interests. To limit this risk, agencies try to involve a diverse set of stakeholders. One way of doing so, is to install advisory councils (ACs): permanent bodies with a fixed number of stakeholders selected by the agency. Current scholarship has mainly studied whether stakeholders’ access to ACs is biased towards business interests. However, it remains unknown whether the ACs functioning might also be biased. This research note presents a strategy to go beyond access and look inside the ACs. By examining how members perceive the councils, its meetings and the discussions therein, it explores whether the councils’ functioning contributes to more balanced interest representation. We illustrate that although the councils’ members are willing to prioritize seeking consensus over defending their own interests, finding this consensus proves difficult due to asymmetries in resources, thus stressing the need for a better understanding of bias. We end with proposing further qualitative approaches to study bias of advisory bodies in the future." "Introduction: Constitutional dynamics of multi-level governance: indicators and hypotheses" "Alberto Nicotina, Patricia Popelier, Peter Bursens" "At the moment of signing the early EU tTreaties, the founding mMember sStates were not aware of the long-term pervasive implications of EU membership. This pushed them to remove the constitutional obstacles or take special measures to ensure the efficient implementation of EU law at the national level. Over time they seem to have adjusted their constitutional strategy in the face of multi-level governance, following the raise of concerns regarding the legitimacy of that same law within national boundaries. In this introduction, we put forward a series of indicators and hypotheses aimed at investigating in a comparative way what we call the constitutional dynamics of multi-level governance, i.e. the dynamics resulting from the interaction among national constitutional actors when faced with the challenges and opportunities posed by EU law. We identify four main indicators (ratification of EU treatiesTreaties, judicial review of legislation, parliamentary scrutiny in EU affairs, and the role of subnational entities) and formulate four research hypotheses in search for of the contextual factors justifying the different constitutional approaches adopted by mMember sStates in regards toin regard to EU integration." "Conclusions: Buidling the founding blocks of a new bottom-up constitutional theory of EU integration" "Alberto Nicotina, Patricia Popelier, Peter Bursens" "After having put forward in the introduction both the indicators and the research hypotheses, in this concluding chapter we examine the data collected through the country reports in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the strategic behaviour of national constitutional actors (parliaments, courts, and subnational entities) towards the supranational level, and to test the initial hypotheses. We focus in particular on three main areas: the role played by national constitutional cultures in facilitating or resisting to EU integration, the potential of political discourses to determine a long-lasting constitutional change, and the importance of the form of state in providing a strengthened legitimacy to EU claims of authority within national boundaries. In doing so we lay down the founding blocks of a new bottom-up constitutional theory of EU integration that shall measure and explain the constitutional strategies in the face of multi-level governance in a dynamic and empirical way." "Exploring debugging processes and regulation strategies during collaborative coding tasks among elementary and secondary students" "Meghan M. Parkinson, Seppe Hermans, David Gijbels, Daniel L. Dinsmore" "Background and Context: More data are needed about how young learners identify and fix errors while programming in pairs. Objective: The study will identify discernible patterns in the intersection between debugging processes and the type of regulation used during debugging while children enage in coding to drive further theory and model development. Method: Two experiments were conducted in sequential order. First, second-grade students (N = 12) programmed a Code-a-pillar using physical programming blocks. Two coding schemes were used to identify both debugging processes and types of regulation used. Second, using a similar approach, eighth-grade students (N = 30) programmed a Tobbie2 robot using Microsoft MakeCode. Finding: Integrated and sequential use of all four debugging processes is related to successful coding. We see similar patterns in the overlap between debugging processes and regulation types for both ages. Implications: The study highlights Ithe dynamic nature of coding and debugging processes and the importance of including metacognitive and regulatory elements in debugging models." "Teachers' profiles in education for sustainable development" "Eleni Sinakou, Vincent Donche, Peter Van Petegem" "Teachers’ instructional beliefs and interests in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) are related to holistic, pluralistic, and action-oriented instructional practices in ESD teaching. To explore this hypothesis, we examine teachers’ ESD teaching profiles based on their instructional beliefs, interests, and instructional practices in ESD. We apply a mixed method design using a survey (quantitative data) and vignettes with open accompanying questions (qualitative data). Our sample consists of 535 Flemish elementary and secondary school teachers for the scales. A subsample of 187 teachers responded to the vignettes. Our analysis indicates two teachers’ ESD teaching profiles: the lower ESD practice-oriented teachers who hold several instructional beliefs about holistic and pluralistic instructional practices, are interested in action-orientation in ESD, but do not apply the practices in class; and the higher ESD practice-oriented teachers who also have varying instructional beliefs about holistic and pluralistic instructional practices but are not very interested in action-orientation in ESD. However, they use holistic, pluralistic, or action-oriented practices in ESD teaching." "Seizing the moment" "Peter Bursens, Dirk De Bièvre" "Constitutionally, Belgium represents the most extreme case of regional entities wielding power over EU external trade policymaking. Formally, the Flemish, Walloon and Brussels regions can wield veto power over Belgian positions. Yet, only once has a Belgian region actually made use of this capacity, when Wallonia temporarily blocked the conclusion of the EU trade agreement with Canada in 2016 (CETA). We show that political actors – legislative and executive – could only activate this constitutional possibility in conjunction with other necessary conditions: a high degree of societal mobilization and, above all, inter-party competition across different levels of government. As the Walloon Parti Socialiste seized the moment, it reinforced the paradox of weakness and strengthened the EU’s trade bargaining power towards Canada. We finish by discussing the spill-over effects of the 2016 CETA episode into the shaping of future EU trade policies, as well as into future intra-Belgian EU policymaking."